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VTNE review UPDATED Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers

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VTNE review UPDATED Exam Questions
and CORRECT Answers

Which of the following blood tests can be diagnostic for anticoagulant rodenticide ingestion?
- CORRECT ANSWER- PT (prothrombin time)
Anticoagulant rodenticides cause a depletion of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.
Factor VII is depleted first, causing an elevation in the PT. The aPTT will not be prolonged
until factors II, IX, and X are depleted, which takes longer. The BMBT tests primary
homeostasis (platelet function and response of the bleeding vessel) and will not increase with
ingestion of an anticoagulant rodenticide. The ACT checks the time it takes for fibrin to form
a clot, and it may be elevated but is not diagnostic for this toxin.

A dog presents to the practice with a history of waxing and waning vomiting, lethargy, and
decreased appetite for several months. Bloodwork shows 122 mmoL/L sodium and 7.8
mmoL/L potassium. What disease can cause these symptoms and electrolyte changes? -
CORRECT ANSWER- Hypoadrenocorticisim
The most common clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease) are waxing and
waning, including lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, weakness, and vomiting.
Electrolyte changes include hyponatremia and hyperkalemia with a Na:K ratio of <27:1
(normal is 27:1-40:1). This patient's Na:K ratio is 15.4. The changes in electrolytes are a
result of a decrease in aldosterone and cortisol, causing an increase in sodium excretion and a
decrease in potassium excretion. A patient experiencing diabetes insipidus will have an in-
creased water intake and an increase in urine output. A diabetic ketoacidosis patient does not
have waxing and waning clinical signs. Although this patient will have changes in its blood
work, hyponatremia and hyperkalemia are not classic signs for this disease. A patient experi-
encing a thyroid storm is more likely to experience hypokalemia.

All of the following are types of chorion attachments, except:
1. Diffuse
2. Cotyledonary
3.Zonary
4.Polycyton - CORRECT ANSWER- diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, or discoid.

Macrominerals are minerals that occur in appreciable amounts in the body and account for
most of the body's mineral content. Microminerals, often referred to as trace minerals,
include a larger number of minerals that are present in the body in very small amounts.
Which of these minerals is a trace mineral?

,1.Phosphorus
2.Nosocomial
3.Sulfur
4.Zinc - CORRECT ANSWER- Zinc is a trace mineral. Macrominerals include calcium,
phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, iron, and the electrolytes sodium, potassium, and chloride.

Pinkeye or contagious conjunctivitis in cattle is caused by:
1. Hemophilus aegypti
2.Moraxella bovis
3.Streptococcus pyogenes
4.Staphylococcus aureus - CORRECT ANSWER- 2.Moraxella bovis
Moraxella bovis is a gram-negative diplococcus that causes pinkeye in cattle. Haemophilus
aegypti has six subspecies, which are known to cause pinkeye and flulike symptoms in
humans. Streptococcus spp. are opportunistic pathogens that normally reside in the upper
respiratory, intestinal, lower urinary, and genital tracts, but they can cause localized infection
or septicemia in dogs of all ages. S. aureus is dangerous because of its deleterious effects on
animal health and its potential for transmission from animals to humans and vice versa. It
thus has a huge impact on animal health and welfare and causes major economic losses in
livestock production.

The correct dental formula for an adult cat is:
1.2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) = 30
2.2(l 4/4 C 1/1 P 2/3 M 1/1) = 34
3.2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 2/3 M 1/1) = 30
4.2(l 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 2/1) = 32 - CORRECT ANSWER- Normally, the adult cat has 6
incisors, 2 canines, 5 premolars, and 2 molars per side, which equals 30 teeth.

Hypokalemia is defined as:
1.High sodium level
2.Low sodium level
3.High potassium level
4.Low potassium level - CORRECT ANSWER- 4.Low potassium level

, Hypokalemia refers to a low potassium level. Hypernatremia refers to a high sodium level,
whereas hyponatremia refers to a low sodium level. Hypokalemia refers to a low potassium
level.

What is the minimum number of throws required when making a surgical knot?
1.One
2.Two
3.Three
4.Four - CORRECT ANSWER- 4. Four
All knots should have a minimum or 4 throws (or 2 knots). Any fewer would put the knot at
risk for untying.

For which gas does anesthesia demand the greatest degree of patient monitoring, because the
anesthetic depth changes occur most rapidly?

1.
Desflurane

2.
Sevoflurane

3.
Halothane

4.
Isoflurane - CORRECT ANSWER- 1.
Desflurane
How quickly the depth of anesthesia changes is a result of the blood-gas partition coefficient.
Inhalants with a high blood-gas partition coefficient will more readily move into the tissue
and blood, meaning less stays in the alveoli. This leaves a small difference in the drug
concentration in the blood and alveoli (so there is a low concentration gradient), and the drug
is slow to leave the blood (or move down its concentration gradient). This means it takes
longer for the patient to react to changes in the percent of gas being delivered as well as
taking longer to recover. Inhalants with a low blood-gas partition coefficient will leave the

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