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PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers Graded A+. Describe .the .nervous .system. .What .types .of .cells .are .present, .and .what .is .the .function .of .each .cell .type? .- .correct .answer. . . . .consists .of .the .CNS .(brain .and .spinal .cord) .and .PNS .(somatic .and .aut...

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PHM 450 Exam 2 Questions And Answers
Graded A+.




Describe .the .nervous .system. .What .types .of .cells .are .present, .and .what .is .the .function .of
.each .cell .type? .- .correct .answer. . . . .consists .of .the .CNS .(brain .and .spinal .cord) .and .PNS

.(somatic .and .autonomic .nervous .systems); .consists .of .neural .cells .and .glia .cells




what .are .the .types .of .glial .cells .- .correct .answer. . . . .oligodendrocytes, .schwann .cells,
.astrocytes




type .of .glia .cell .that .produces .myelin .in .the .central .nervous .system .- .correct .answer. . . .
.oligodendrocytes




type .of .glial .cell .that .produces .myelin .in .the .peripheral .nervous .system .- .correct .answer. . . .
.schwann .cells




how .are .glial .cells .different .from .neural .cells? .- .correct .answer. . . . .glial .cells .do .not .transmit
.electrical .signals




what .are .some .characteristics .of .neural .cells .- .correct .answer. . . . .polarized, .non-uniform .in
.appearance, .have .cell .body .(soma) .and .several .short .extensions .called .dendrites, .single

.long .extension .(axon)




how .is .myelin .formed .in .the .CNS? .what .about .the .PNS? .- .correct .answer. . . . .CNS-
.oligodendrocytes; .PNS- .Schwann .Cells




How .are .electrical .signals .translated .into .chemical .signals? .- .correct .answer. . . . .occurs .at
.the .SYNAPSE; .at .the .terminal, .depolarizing .signals .release .neurotransmitters .from .the

.axon .to .the .synapse- .it .crosses .the .synapse .and .bind .to .post-synaptic .receptors .on .the

.dendrite .or .other .cell .that .depolarizes .the .cell .membrane, .converting .chemical .to

.electrical; .this .is .driven .by .ACTION .POTENTIALS- .the .specific .channels .that .allow .+

.Sodium .ions .into .the .cell .(movement .depolarizes .the .cell .membrane .by .increasing

.membrane .potential .making .it .more .positive)

,where .do .action .potentials .take .place? .- .correct .answer. . . . .nodes .of .ranvier .(any .area
.covered .by .myelin .is .not .in .contact .with .extracellular .fluid .which .is .a .necessary

.component .for .action .potentials .to .take .place)




what .are .the .4 .major .types .of .neurotransmitters? .- .correct .answer. . . . .acetylcholine,
.biogenic .amines, .amino .acids, .neuropeptides




is .aceteylcholine .excitatory .or .inhibitory? .- .correct .answer. . . . .excitatory .in .skeletal .muscle;
.excitatory .or .inhibitory .elsewhere




examples .of .biogenic .amines .- .correct .answer. . . . .Norepinephrine .(excitatory .or .inhibitory),
.Dopamine .(excitatory .or .inhibitory), .serotonin .(generally .inhibitory)




examples .of .amino .acids .- .correct .answer. . . . .GABA .(inhibitory), .Glycine .(inhibitory),
.glutamate .(excitatory), .aspartate .(excitatory)




examples .of .neuropeptides .- .correct .answer. . . . .substance .p .(excitatory), .met-enkephalin
.(inhibitory)




why .is .the .brain .a .critical .target .for .toxicants? .- .correct .answer. . . . .important .for
.maintaining .physiological .operations .of .the .body; .is .very .active .metabolically, .making .it

.highly .sensitive .to .toxicants .that .interfere .with .energy .metabolism




Describe .the .BBB's .structure .and .function .- .correct .answer. . . . .endothelial .cells
.surrounded .by .astrocytes .(provide .and .add .a .layer .of .protection .against .foreign

.molecules) .which .encapsulate .capillaries .in .the .brain .by .forming .tight .junctions .between

.cells, .preventing .diffusion .of .bloodborne .molecules .into .the .nervous .system- .BUT .cannot

.prevent .passive .diffusion




what .happens .if .the .BBB .is .compromised? .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxins .that .are .small, .highly
.lipid .soluble, .non .polar .(like .glucose .and .amino .acids) .can .take .advantage .of .these

.systems .of .passive .diffusion .and .be .moved .across .the .BBB .in .active .manner- .if .toxin .gets

.into .BBB .it .may .not .be .able .to .leave, .so .it .exerts .its .toxic .effects .there




What .types .of .molecules .can .easily .pass .through .the .BBB? .- .correct .answer. . . . .small,
.highly .lipid .soluble, .non-polar .molecules




in .terms .of .the .BBB, .what .does .the .toxin .pralidoxime .do? .- .correct .answer. . . . .is .an
.antidote .for .organophosphate .poisoning- .cannot .cross .the .BBB .and .therefore .is .effective

.in .the .peripheral .but .not .central .nervous .system




in .terms .of .the .BBB, .what .does .MPTP .do? .- .correct .answer. . . . .a .compound .that .is
.metabolized .in .the .brain .to .an .ionized .form




What .are .points .in .the .energy .requirements .diagram .where .interrupting .normal
.biochemical .pathways .might .result .in .disrupting .the .production .of .ATP? .- .correct .answer. .

, Especially .for .oxidative .phosphorylation .(aerobic) .exposure .to .any .toxicants .harmful .to
...

.aerobic .metabolism .or .to .conditions .that .induce .hypoxia .will .hit .the .nervous .system .hard

.and .fast--- .THIS .IS .IMPORTANT .BECAUSE .NEURONS .ARE .HIGHLY .DEPENDENT

.ON .AEROBIC .METABOLISM .(to .meet .high .energy .demands)




Describe .Axonal .Transport .(what .is .moved, .where .it .goes, .and .why) .- .correct .answer. . . .
.protein .making .machinery .located .in .the .SOMA .of .which .can .be .several .feet .away .from

.the .next .axon- .so .there .are .transport .mechanisms .for .moving .materials .from .the .soma .to

.terminals .(use .neuronal ."super .highway")




Why .is .disruption .of .aerobic .metabolism .particularly .serious .in .the .brain? .- .correct
.answer. . . . .neurons .are .highly .dependent .on .aerobic .metabolism .to .meet .high .energy

.demands- .neuronal .activity .depends .on .the .ability .to .maintain .and .regulate .ion .gradients

.across .neuronal .membrane .or .to .create .action .potentials




involves .damage .to .the .neuronal .cell .body, .with .axonal .and .dendritic .degeneration .as .a
.secondary .effect, .neurons .die .by .apoptosis .or .necrosis, .and .common .examples .are

.caused .by .toxins .like .doxorubicin .and .methylmercury .- .correct .answer. . . . .neuronopathies




where .antimycin .(anti-cancer .drug) .interacts .with .DNA .to .inhibit .macromolecular
.synthesis; .used .therapeutically .to .stop .further .division .of .cancerous .cells, .side .effect=

.can .interact .with .neurons .in .the .PNS .due .to .lack .of .BBB .and .can .interfere .with .DNA

.transcription .here .- .correct .answer. . . . .doxorubicin




damage .to .the .soma .- .correct .answer. . . . .neuronopathy

damage .to .the .axon .- .correct .answer. . . . .axonopathy

damage .to .the .myelin .- .correct .answer. . . . .myelinopathy

disruption .of .neurotransmitter .processes .from .1 .neuron .to .the .target .cell .- .correct .answer.
. . . .neurotransmission-associated .neurotoxicity




astrocyte .dysfunction .plays .a .role .in .________ .- .correct .answer. . . . .excitotoxicity

how .do .cells .die .when .there .is .a .neuronopathy? .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxicants .produce
.their .effects .by .inducing .cell .death .(die .by .apoptosis .or .necrosis)




How .does .methylmercury .(MeHg) .cause .neuronopathy? .- .correct .answer. . . . .ORGANIC
.form .of .mercury .that .bioaccumulates .in .the .environment, .naturally .formed .and .previously

.used .as .fungicide; .adding .a .methyl .group .makes .it .highly .lipophilic .(easily .crosses .BBB

.and .placental .barrier .making .it .highly .neurotoxic .in .adults .and .developing .fetus) .

- .binds .to .sulfur .groups .and .irreversibly .alters .protein .function .(impairs .mitochondria,
.depletes .glutathione, .disrupts .intracellular .calcium .homeostasis)

- .in .CNS, .targets .visual .cortex .and .cerebellum .(visual .disturbance, .atoxia)
- .apoptosis .usually .triggered .by .loss .of .calcium .regulation

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