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concerned with identifying and understanding cellu
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PHM 450 Exam 1 Questions And Answers
Rated A+.

primarily .involved .in .toxicity .testing .- .correct .answer. . . . .descriptive .toxicology

concerned .with .identifying .and .understanding .cellular, .biochemical, .and .molecular
.mechanisms .of .toxicants .- .correct .answer. . . . .mechanistic .toxicology

responsible .for .deciding, .on .the .basis .of .the .available .data .generated .by .descriptive .and
.mechanistic .toxicologists, .whether .a .drug .or .other .chemical .poses .a .sufficiently .low .risk

.to .be .marketed .for .a .stated .purpose .- .correct .answer. . . . .regulatory .toxicology

hybrid .of .analytic .chemistry .and .fundamental .toxicological .principles, .concerned .primarily
.with .medical .and .legal .aspects .of .toxicology .- .correct .answer. . . . .forensic .toxicology

a .medical .science .that .is .concerned .with .disease .or .illness .caused .by .exposure .to .toxic
.substances .(usually .physicians .who .have .undergone .specialized .training .in .areas .that

.include .emergency .medicine .and .poison .management) .- .correct .answer. . . . .clinical

.toxicology

focuses .on .the .impacts .of .chemical .pollutants .on .biological .organisms .- .correct .answer. . . .
.environmental .toxicology

,specialized .area .of .environmental .toxicology .that .focuses .more .specifically .on .the
.impacts .of .environmental .pollutants .on .ecosystems .- .correct .answer. . . . .ecotoxicology

the .study .of .the .adverse .effects .of .xenobiotics .on .living .organisms .(adverse .effects .may
.occur .in .many .forms .and .may .occur .at .various .levels .within .the .body) .- .correct .answer. . . .

.toxicology

a .foreign .substance .taken .into .the .body .(may .produce .beneficial .effects .or .they .may .be
.toxic) .- .correct .answer. . . . .xenobiotic

anything .that .can .produce .an .adverse .biological .effect .(may .be .chemical, .physical, .or
.biological .in .form) .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxic .agent

a .substance .that .produces .an .adverse .biological .effect .of .any .nature .(may .be .chemical .or
.physical); .effects .can .be .of .any .type .(acute, .chronic, .or .intermediate) .- .correct .answer. . . .

.toxicant

a .toxic .substance .that .is .produced .by .a .biological .organism .(most .exhibit .immediate
.effects) .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxin

toxicant .or .toxin .that .produces .immediate .death .or .illness .when .encountered .in .very .small
.amounts .- .correct .answer. . . . .poison

simple .a .material .which .has .toxic .properties .(may .be .a .discrete .toxic .chemical .or .a
.mixture .of .toxic .chemicals) .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxic .substance

true .or .false: .toxic .substances .always .have .a .constant .composition .- .correct .answer. . . .
.false .(for .example, .the .composition .of .gasoline .varies .with .octane .levels, .manufacturers,

.season, .etc)

Cigarette .smoke .contains .a .number .of .chemicals .that .cause .cancer. .How .would .you
.define .cigarette .smoke- .is .it .a .toxin, .poison, .or .toxic .substance? .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxic

.substance .(not .toxin .because .not .from .a .biological .organism, .not .a .poison .because .does

.not .produce .immediate .death .or .illness .upon .small .dose .encounter)

Who .was .Paracelsus .and .what .did .he .do .for .toxicology .- .correct .answer. . . . .determines
.specific .chemicals .were .actually .responsible .for .the .toxicity .of .a .plant .or .animal .poison

.("toxicon"); .determined .the .dose-response .relationship; ."father .of .modern .toxicology"

Who .was .Orfila .and .what .did .he .do .for .toxicology .- .correct .answer. . . . .first .toxicologist .to
.use .autopsy .material .as .legal .proof .of .poisoning; .his .work .survives .as .basis .of .modern

.forensic .toxicology

the .amount .of .a .substance .administered .at .one .time .- .correct .answer. . . . .dose

,what .are .the .parameters .needed .to .characterize .the .exposure .to .xenobiotics? .- .correct
.answer. . . . .number .of .doses, .dose, .dosing .frequency, .total .time .period .of .treatment

the .quantity .administered .(usually .oral .or .via .injection) .- .correct .answer. . . . .administered
.dose

the .amount .of .a .xenobiotic .encountered .in .the .environment .- .correct .answer. . . . .exposure
.dose

the .actual .amount .of .the .exposed .or .administered .dose .that .is .absorbed .by .the .body .-
.correct .answer. . . . .absorbed .dose

the .amount .of .absorbed .dose .that .reaches .a .particular .target .organ .or .tissue .- .correct
.answer. . . . .tissue .dose

the .sum .of .all .individual .doses .- .correct .answer. . . . .total .dose

decreases .the .probability .that .the .total .dose .will .cause .toxicity .(the .total .dose .would .be
.harmful .if .received .all .at .once, .but .is .non-toxic .when .administered .over .a .period .of .time) .-

.correct .answer. . . . .fractioning

what .do .asbestos, .gasoline, .and .hexane .all .have .in .common? .- .correct .answer. . . . .they .are
.all .toxic .substances .(hexane .is .a .discrete .toxic .chemical, .asbestos .is .a .toxic .material .that

.does .not .consist .of .an .exact .chemical .composition ., .gasoline .is .a .toxic .substance

.containing .many .chemicals .in .a .mixture)

What .important .information .is .needed .to .fully .understand .what .dose .is .administered?
.Why .do .you .need .this .information? .Why .is .it .important .to .have .a .standard .unit .of

.measurement? .- .correct .answer. . . . .the .number .of .doses, .dosing .frequency, .and .total .time

.period .of .the .treatment. .This .is .important .because .the .dosage .could .be .toxic .if

.administered .in .a .shorter .period .with .a .higher .dosage .whereas .a .dose .administered

.through .a .period .of .time .may .have .non-toxic .effects.

what .is .the .standard .unit .of .measurement .in .toxicology .- .correct .answer. . . . .the .gram .(but
.most .exposures .are .in .smaller .quantities .so .milligram .is .commonly .used)

what .is .the .most .common .time .unit, .and .what .is .the .correlating .usual .dosage .unit? .-
.correct .answer. . . . .one .day; .mg/kg/day

describe .the .typical .relationship .between .dose .and .response. .what .are .some
.assumptions .of .the .dose-response .relationship? .- .correct .answer. . . . .generally, .the .higher

.the .dose, .the .more .severe .the .response. .this .is .based .on .assumptions .such .as: .the .effect

.is .due .to .the .chemical .administered, .the .magnitude .of .response .is .related .to .the .dose,

.there .is .a .quantifiable .way .to .measure .the .response

, describes .the .response .of .an .individual .organism .to .varying .doses .of .a .chemical/ .toxic
.agent .- .correct .answer. . . . .individual/ .graded/ .continuous .dose-response .curves .(linear

.slope)

describes .the .distribution .of .responses .to .different .doses .in .a .population .of .individual
.organisms, .is .QUANTITATIVE .- .correct .answer. . . . .quantal .dose-response .curves .(follows

.a .normal .distribution)

Toxic .agents .often .have .more .than .one .toxic .response. .Why .do .we .only .graph .one .type
.of .response .on .each .dose-response .graph? .- .correct .answer. . . . .because .the .graded

.curve .is .qualitative .and .the .quantal .curve .is .quantitative

lowest .dose .where .an .induced .effect .occurs .- .correct .answer. . . . .threshold

what .are .the .2 .things .knowledge .of .the .dose-response .relationship .does .- .correct .answer.
. . . .establishes .the .threshold, .determines .the .slope .of .the .dose .response

the .rate .at .which .injury .builds .up .- .correct .answer. . . . .slope .of .the .dose .response

What .does .the .shape .of .the .dose-response .curve .tell .us? .what .are .hormesis .and
.threshold? .- .correct .answer. . . . .FIND .IN .TXTBOOK

thinking .about .a .hypothetical .graph .showing .the .distribution .of .individual .responses,
.assuming .it .follows .a .standard .distribution .(bell-shaped .curve), .at .what .end .of .the .curve

.would .you .expect .to .see .the .greatest .toxicity .(left .or .right)? .- .correct .answer. . . . .the .right

.side .of .the .curve .(shows .maximal .effect, .most .severe .response, .and .the .most ."sensitive"

.individuals)

what .does .it .mean .when .there .is .a .large .standard .deviation .in .the .data .on .a .graph .for .the
.distribution .of .individual .responses .to .toxicity? .- .correct .answer. . . . .indicates .a .greater

.variability .of .a .response .(a .response .of .15 .+/-8 .would .be .more .variable .than .15 .+/-2 .mg)

dose .at .which .a .certain .percentage .of .individuals .are .expected .to .die .- .correct .answer. . . .
.lethal .dose

used .to .indicate .the .effectiveness .of .a .substance .- .correct .answer. . . . .effective .dose

indicate .doses .that .cause .adverse .toxic .effects .- .correct .answer. . . . .toxic .dose

a .common .dose .estimate .for .acute .toxicity .in .which .50% .of .the .individuals .are .expected
.to .die .- .correct .answer. . . . .LD50

represents .the .dose .at .which .no .individuals .are .expected .to .die .- .correct .answer. . . . .LD0

represents .the .dose .at .which .10% .of .the .individuals .are .expected .to .die .- .correct .answer. .
. . .LD10

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