This complete and elaborate summary covers the lectures of the course Building Physics and Services (7S4X0) as given in study year 2019/2020 at the University of Technology Eindhoven. It covers basic knowledge on multiple fields within the discipline of building physics and services. Topics that ar...
This summary is based on the lectures of the course Building Physics and Services (7S4X0). I have put
great care in making this summary and I tried to make this document to be as precise and complete
as possible. I, however, may have accidentaly made some mistakes or missed something, so please be
mindful when using this summary. This summary is not an offical document of TU Eindhoven and
should thus not be used as ones sole source of information.
Please note that this summary only covers the lectures of this course, the corresponding readers are
not treated.
Last updated: 6 November 2019, 11:18
Changelog:
6 Nov 2019, 11:18: corrected typos, added illuminance formula, replaced figure 4.2.2 and 5.1.1.,
improve readability of figure 6.1.2
1
, Building Physics & Services 7S4X0
Heat
Lecture 1
Thermal comfort is a state of mind where one doesn’t want to have it colder nor warmer. Thermal
comfort is determined by two factors:
- The environment
o Air temperature
o Mean radiant temperature
o Relative air humidity
o Air motion
- The human
o Clothing
o Metabolism (activity)
The metabolism of a person who is sitting in a relaxed state is
58 W/m2 body surface. This is normalised to a value of 1.0
met. Figure 1.1.1: Comfortable air velocities
Different types of clothing give different types of thermal resistance.
The thermal resistance of winter clothing (underwear, shirt with long
sleeves, colbert or sweater, thick socks, shoes) is 0.16 m2K/W which
is normalised to a value of 1 clo.
The clo-value of a nude person is 0.
Povl Ole Fanger made a graph to show comfortable air velocities at
different temperatures (see figure 1.1.1) and a graph to show
comfortable mean radiant temperatures.
The mean vote is the temperature that people in a room think is
comfortable. The predicted mean vote (PMV) is the temperature
that should be comfortable according to the models and
calculations. The actual mean vote should not deviate more than Figure 1.1.2: Comfortable mean radiant temperatures
0.5 °C from the predicted mean vote.
When the difference between the PMV is more than 3 °C, people feel either cold or hot.
The predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) is the predicted amount of people that are dissatisfied
with the climate in a room. The PPD is between 5% and 100%. A 0% PPD is not possible as there will
always be dissatisfied people.
The radiation energy (M in W/m2) equals the multiplication of the emissivity of the surface (ε), the
constant of Stefan-Boltzmann (σ) and the temperature of the surface in Kelvin to the power four:
𝑀 = 𝜀𝜎𝑇 4
The largest possible radiation energy from the sun on earth is about 1350 W/m2, this is called the
solar constant.
The sun and a radiator both emit electromagnetic radiation. The sun emits high temperature
radiation whereas a radiator emits low temperature radiation.
Low temperature radiation is radiation with a higher wavelength than light, it cannot pass through
transparent surfaces. High temperature radiation is light and all radiation with a shorter wavelength
than light. It can pass through transparent surfaces.
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