what is posterior arch smiles of anterior arch frowns? when would you see this - on AP open
mouth when there is a slight angulation of the atlas with the posterior tubercle being inferior to the
anterior tub
what is the common appearance of neuromuscular scoliosis? - a long C shaped curve extend...
DXI - midterm
what is posterior arch smiles of anterior arch frowns? when would you see this - on AP open
mouth when there is a slight angulation of the atlas with the posterior tubercle being inferior to the
anterior tub
what is the common appearance of neuromuscular scoliosis? - a long C shaped curve extending
from the sacrum to the upper cervical region
what is the Hueter-volkmann principle? what type of scoliosis is this most commonly associated with? -
with greater curvatures, wedge deformities of the vertebral bodies may occur within the apex of
the curve on the concave side which impairs growth
-the wedge deformities persist into adult life
Any lateral curvature greater than ____ degrees in the ____ plane is considered scoliosis - 10;
coronal
the most common curve is to the ____ . - right
define structural scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine that fails to correct on lateral bending
what are the different types of structural scoliosis? - idiopathic, congenital, neuromuscular, and
neurofibromatosis
what is the most common type of structural scoliosis? what %? - idiopathic (80%)
idiopathic:
a. etiology
b. curvature
c. types - a. unknown etiology
b. majority of thoracic curves are to the right, but if the curve is to the left than there is a higher
incidence of underlying pathology
c. infantile - (birth - 3 yrs)
,juvenile (3-10 years of age), adolescent (10+)
What is the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis? - adolescent
which type of idiopathic scoliosis is more prevalent in females by a 4:1 ratio? 9:1? - 4:1, juvenile
9:1, adolescent
when is idiopathic scoliosis usually a left thoracic curvature? - when it is progressive in infantile
scoliosis
which type of idiopathic scoliosis is most rare in the US? - infantile
what is the most common curvature in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? what ages are the most critical
time for most rapid progression? - right thoracic curvature
12-16
what is congenital scoliosis? what are some examples? - caused by anomalies of the vertebrae or
ribs
ex: hemivertebrae, congenital blocked segments, spina bifida, and rib synostosis
what other disfunctions are very common to accompany congenital scoliosis? - genitourinary
abnormalities or anomalies
what is the most common neuropathy associated with neuromuscular scoliosis? - poliomyelitis
when is scoliosis suspicious for an underlying intraspinal pathology? - when the curvature is 15
degrees or higher before the age of 11
or if it is a left sided thoracic curvature
, what is the cause and shape of myopathic scoliosis? - long C shaped curve
-most common cause is muscular distrophy
what is neurofibromatosis? - genetic disorder that causes tumors to form on nerve endings
what is the most common bony abnormality? - scoliosis, present in 10-50% of patients
what is not structural scoliosis? - spinal curvatures that have no structural alterations, correct on
lateral bending
what would unequal leg length and antalgic posture most likely be associated with? -
nonstructural scoliosis
define mensuration - measurement of the spinal curvature
how is cobbs method done? - on AP radiographs. line is drawn from superior endplate of the
superior vertebrate and another line is drawn along the inferior endplate of the inferior vertebrae
perpendicular lines are drawn from each end plate line and the angle measurement is taken at the
vertical intersection of these lines
how would you do cobbs method if the end plates are not optimally visualized? - the superior or
inferior surfaces of the pedicles can be used
what is the benefits of cobbs method over kisser ferguson? - measurements are larger, more
easily applied, and more easily reproducible
how would you perform the risser-ferguson method? - AP radiographs.
the centers of the end and apical vertebrae are identified. these are connected by lines and the superior
angle of the intersecting line is measured
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