MLSC 3031 Final Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025
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MLSC 3031
MLSC 3031 Final Exam Questions & Answers 2024/2025
Antigen-presenting cells - ANSWERSCells that capture microbial antigens and display them for recognition by T lymphocytes.
Dendritic cells.
B cell mediated humoral immune response - ANSWERSOccurs against many types of microbial cell wal...
MLSC 3031 Final Exam Questions &
Answers 2024/2025
Antigen-presenting cells - ANSWERSCells that capture microbial antigens and display them for
recognition by T lymphocytes.
Dendritic cells.
B cell mediated humoral immune response - ANSWERSOccurs against many types of microbial cell wall
or soluble antigens.
Induction of immune responses by antigens - ANSWERS1) Very few naive lymphocytes are specific for
any one antigen.
2) Different types of adaptive immune responses are required to defend against different types of
microbes.
Antigens recognized by T lymphocytes - ANSWERSPeptide antigens that are bound to and displayed by
the MHC molecules of antigen-presenting cells.
Small populations of T cells recognize: - ANSWERSLipid and other nonpeptide antigens presented by
nonpolymorphic class I MHC-like molecules or without a requirement for a specialized antigen display
system.
How do microbes typically enter the body? - ANSWERSThrough the skin, gastrointestinal tract, the
respiratory tract, and the genitourinary tract, to which they can then enter the bloodstream and
produced in any infected tissue.
In what way do antigens travel through the body to find foreign invaders? - ANSWERSAntigens are taken
to the lymphoid organs through which lymphocytes recirculate.
,Microbe products binding to TLR's cause: - ANSWERSThe production of inflammatory cytokines such as
TNF and IL-1.
T cell mediated immune response - ANSWERSOccurs against protein antigens that are either produced in
or taken up by host cells.
The combination of innate receptor signaling and cytokines activates: - ANSWERSDendritic cells,
resulting in several changes in their phenotype, migration, and function.
Antigen receptors of B lymphocytes - ANSWERSMembrane-bound antibodies.
What do membrane-bound antibodies recognize? - ANSWERSProteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic
acids in soluble form or cell-surface associated form.
What do the antigen receptors of T lymphocytes recognize? - ANSWERSPeptide fragments of protein
antigens only when bound to MHC molecules.
The production of potent antibodies requires: - ANSWERSActivation of CD4+ helper T cells.
Activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes: - ANSWERSMay be necessary to kill infected cells and
eliminate the reservoir of infection.
Peptides are seen by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells when: - ANSWERSThe peptides are displayed by that
individual's MHC molecules, called MHC Restriction.
MHC Restriction - ANSWERSTCR recognizes some amino acid residues of the peptide antigen while
simultaneously recognizing residues of the MHC molecule that is displaying that peptide.
Various kinds of antigen-presenting cells, besides dendritic cells: - ANSWERSActivate the effector
functions of the T cells in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.
,Capture of protein antigens by APC's - ANSWERSCaptured mainly by dendritic cells and are concentrated
in the peripheral (secondary) lymphoid organs, where immune responses are initiated.
Two pathways in which antigens are taken to the peripheral lymphoid organs: - ANSWERS1) Microbes /
antigens enter through the lymph or blood and circulate to lymph nodes or spleen, where they are
captured by existing dendritic cells (or other APC's to be presented to B cells) and presented to T cells.
2) Dendritic cells in the epithelia, connective tissues, and organs transport microbial antigens to
lymphoid organs - involves encounter of dendritic cell with microbes, capture of antigens, activation of
dendritic cells, migration of the antigen-carrying cells to lymph nodes, and display of the antigen to T
cells.
Dendritic cells: - ANSWERSAre located within the epithelia and subepithelial tissues and are also present
in T cell rich areas of peripheral lymphoid organs, and in smaller numbers, other organs.
2 major populations: conventional (classical - majority) and plasmacytoid (similar to plasma cells -
present in the blood and tissues).
Plasmacytoid and dendritic cells: - ANSWERSThe major source of type 1 interferons in innate immune
response to viral infections.
Langerhans Cells - ANSWERSEpidermal dendritic cells in the skin.
In what ways do dendritic cells use membrane receptors to bind microbes? - ANSWERSCell surface
lectins that recognize carbohydrate structures typical of microbial but not mammalian glycoproteins.
Microbes or their antigens are taken up by dendritic cells through phagocytosis or receptor-mediated
endocytosis while simultaneously stimulating innate immune reactions by binding to TLR's and to other
innate pattern-recognition receptors in the dendritic cells, tissue epithelial cells, and resident
macrophages.
Effective immunity to a new foreign antigen, from the adaptive immune system, would be expected in
what time frame: - ANSWERSDays to weeks.
, The effector of the humoral arm of the adaptive immune system is the: - ANSWERSAntibody.
Which of the following properties is only characteristic of the adaptive immune system, NOT shared by
the innate immune system: - ANSWERSAble to react with approximately one billion different, unique
antigens.
Which of the following is an antigen presenting cell: - ANSWERSDendritic cell.
Over a lifetime, the number of memory T cells exhibits the following pattern: - ANSWERSIncreases
throughout life.
What binds to toll-like receptors? - ANSWERSMicrobial antigens.
The immune system newly produces B-lymphocytes with surface membrane immunoglobulin receptors
that can react with a foreign antigen (like a microbial antigen) when the microbe is introduced; these B
cells do not pre-exist the introduction of the microbe. - ANSWERSFalse.
Which of the following cells in the blood can migrate into tissue and become a macrophage? -
ANSWERSMonocytes.
Natural killer (NK) cells can kill microbes directly by killing infected cells, but there is also an indirect
mechanism by which NK cells can kill microbes that have been phagocytosed by macrophages. Which
two secreted molecules mediate this indirect mechanism? - ANSWERSIL-12 and gamma interferon.
Which of the following molecular changes is directly involved for neutrophils to adhere stably to
endothelium overlying an infected tissue? - ANSWERSConversion of integrins from low affinity to high
affinity.
Generation of oxygen-derived free radicals and nitric oxide occurs in which of the following cell types: -
ANSWERSMacrophages.
The innate immune system has a direct role in each of the following EXCEPT: - ANSWERSMemory of
previous infections.
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