PSCI 1100 Final Exam Questions With
Correct Answers.
Australian ballot - answer✔✔A government-printed ballot with candidates from all parties
represented, to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud
associated with party-printed ballots cast in public.
duverger's law - answer✔✔In systems where a single winner is elected by a plurality, strategic
voting tends to reduce the number of alternatives to two. Due to strategic behavior, third party
candidates are generally unsuccessful, because they never have a majority.
party machines - answer✔✔Party politicians provided favors and services to people throughout
the year in return for their votes on election day.
patronage - answer✔✔Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in
return for political support.
primary election - answer✔✔Nominating election held to choose party candidates who will run
in the general election.
grassroots lobbying - answer✔✔Efforts by groups and associations to influence elected officials
indirectly by arousing their constituents. Mobilizing members to send messages that reiterate the
group's demands to their senators and representatives.
lobbying - answer✔✔Appeals from citizens and groups for favorable policies and decisions.
moral incentives - answer✔✔The personal satisfactions of active self-expression through
contribution or other involvement to social causes. This focuses on convincing members to care
more.
social incentives - answer✔✔Opportunities to interact with other members of a group.
material/selective incentives - answer✔✔Benefits in the form of money or goods and services
that can be denied to individuals who do not join and contribute to an interest group.
political action committee (PAC) - answer✔✔A committee set up by a corporation, labor union,
or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations.
agenda setting - answer✔✔Occurs when readers and watchers of news that relates to issues or
topics that are influenced by what the press covers in a very specific way.
beat system - answer✔✔News is divided into different subjects that reporters are assigned to so
they can be prepared and ready to cover happenings in that area.
equal time - answer✔✔FCC dictates that broadcast television and FM radio must allow equal
opportunity for airtime for candidates of public office.
infotainment - answer✔✔Increasingly popular, nontraditional source of political information that
combines news and entertainment. Examples include talk shows and political comedy programs.
pack journalism - answer✔✔A method of news gathering in which news reporters all follow the
same story in the same way because they read each other's copy for validation of their own.
penny press - answer✔✔Rather than only providing newspapers to subscribers, the publishers
would offer single day copies for a penny. The new business model came from the invention of a
new, more efficient printing press that allowed companies to print more at a smaller cost.
prior restraint - answer✔✔A government agency's act to prohibit the publication of material or
speech before the fact. The courts forbid prior restraint except under extraordinary conditions.
yellow journalism - answer✔✔A style of journalism born of intense competition and
characterized by screaming headlines and sensational stories. The term was coined at the end of
the 19th century.
ambivalence - answer✔✔Mixed evaluations of an object, often due to conflicting
predispositions. Someone may have two opinions that contradict each other in terms of a single
issue, such as wealth taxes -- because it may close the wealth gap, but could also be hard to
enforce.
cognitive shortcut - answer✔✔A mental device allowing citizens to make complex decisions
based on a small amount of information. For example, a candidate's party label serves as a
shortcut by telling voters much about his or her positions on issues.
core values - answer✔✔Moral beliefs held by citizens that underlie their attitudes toward
political and other issues. As integral parts of an individual's identity, these beliefs are stable and
resistant to change.
framing - answer✔✔Providing a context that affects the criteria citizens use to evaluate
candidates, campaigns, and political issues.
opinion leader - answer✔✔A citizen who is highly attentive to and involved in politics or some
related area and to whom other citizens turn for political information and cues.
mobilization - answer✔✔Also known as "getting out the vote," this occurs when activists
working for parties, candidates, or interest groups ask members of the electorate to vote.
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