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FRNSC 420 - EXAM 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% PASS)

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FRNSC 420 - EXAM 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (100% PASS) nucleosome assembly/reassembly after replication - Answer️️ -- old H3-H4 tetramers remain bound to one of two daughter duplexes at random - old H2A-H2B dimers dissociate and compete to associate with tetramers - DNA sliding clam...

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©PREP4EXAMS2024/2025 REAL EXAMS DUMP Wednesday, August 7, 2024 9: 33 PM



FRNSC 420 - EXAM 2 PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS (100% PASS)


nucleosome assembly/reassembly after replication - Answer✔️✔️-- old H3-H4
tetramers remain bound to one of two daughter duplexes at random

- old H2A-H2B dimers dissociate and compete to associate with tetramers

- DNA sliding clamps mark replicating DNA and recruit chromosome assembly
factors (CAFs) as chaperones

- CAFs free nucleosomes and escort to newly synthesized DNA; NAP-1 escorts
new/old H2A-H2B dimers, CAF-1 escorts new H3-H4 tetramers

nucleosome imprinting - Answer✔️✔️-old complexes recruit enzymes to add
modifications to new nucleosomes

- acetylated Lys residues on old tetramer tails will recruit bromodomains with
acetyl transferase

- acetyl transferase will acetylate new tetramers adjacent to the old ones

- if left unmodified, structure and gene expression will be unregulated

substrates for DNA polymerase - Answer✔️✔️-- primer:template junction: required
for synthesis, dsDNA next to ssDNA region

- template: portion of junction that acts as a guide

- primer: 3'-OH for nucleotides to be added on to

- Mg²⁺: promotes polymerase activity through ionic interactions

- dNTPs: added to the growing chain


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,©PREP4EXAMS2024/2025 REAL EXAMS DUMP Wednesday, August 7, 2024 9: 33 PM


replication fork - Answer✔️✔️-Y-shaped region that directs synthesis, allows for
synthesis of two strands at once

- continuous replication of the leading strand towards the fork

- discontinuous replication of the lagging strand using Okazaki fragments away
from the fork

driving force of DNA synthesis - Answer✔️✔️-the free energy of nucleotide
addition is low, but when coupled with the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi), the
reaction is favored

- initiation is an SN2 reaction with 3'-OH acting as nucleophile to attack the α-
phosphate of incoming dNTP

- extension of primer 3' end by one nucleotide and release of PPi

- PPi is hydrolyzed by pyrophosphatase to yield two inorganic phosphate (Pi)
molecules

3-D structure of DNA polymerase - Answer✔️✔️-like a cupped right hand with
palm, fingers, and thumb

- palm: a β-sheet holding active site. binds metal (Mg or Zn) to initiate synthesis
and monitors base pairing through H-bond contacts with minor groove. allows for
proofreading, will release primer at a mismatch

- fingers: α-helices that act in positioning nucleotides, pushing active site
components together. Arg and Lys residues form electrostatic interactions to
ensure proper orientation; Tyr residues base stack for stability. also can bend the
backbone to expose first template base




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, ©PREP4EXAMS2024/2025 REAL EXAMS DUMP Wednesday, August 7, 2024 9: 33 PM


- thumb: α-helices that maintain correct positioning of primer and active site.
maintains association between polymerase and template. works in concert w/ palm
to move synthesized DNA from active site, contributes to processivity

physical ways DNA polymerase maintains fidelity - Answer✔️✔️-active site has
discriminator site of neutral, nonpolar, and aromatic amino acids that can
differentiate between NTPs and dNTPs

- normally, AAs interact w/ ribose ring and 3'-OH of neighboring base pair attack
phosphate group of incoming nucleotide

- activity is blocked with 2'-OH group in NTPs due to steric hinderance; base will
tilt and not be recognized by neighbor 3'-OH

- dNTP binding pocket is small, most other ribonucleotides wont fit

enzymatic ways DNA polymerase maintains fidelity - Answer✔️✔️-a 3' to 5'
exonuclease in the replisome has proofreading, will degrade unpaired DNA

- geometry of strand is altered from a mismatch, leading to decrease in polymerase
activity

- primer:template junction is destabilized, creating several unpaired bases

- exonuclease has high affinity for ssDNA, will recognize and hydrolyze
unpaired/mismatched bases

3'-5' vs 5'-3' exonucleases - Answer✔️✔️-- 3' to 5' has proofreading and moves
backwards on the strand to removed mismatched bases

- 5' to 3' is not proofreading; repair for damaged DNA and removal of RNA
primers (Taq polymerase)




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