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NUR 325 Exam 1 Practice Questions and 100% Correct Answers
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Define and describe brand vs generic names for drugs Generic: name given by the company who developed the drug; not capitalized Brand: drugs commercial name; capitalized and may vary according to the company producing it Same chemical composition; same therapeutic equivalence What are the differen...

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NUR 325 Exam 1 Practice Questions and
100% Correct Answers
Define and describe brand vs generic names for drugs ✅Generic: name given by the
company who developed the drug; not capitalized
Brand: drugs commercial name; capitalized and may vary according to the company
producing it
Same chemical composition; same therapeutic equivalence

What are the different types of oral medication forms? Which form absorbs fastest?
Which form absorbs slowest? ✅Types of oral medication: tablet, capsule, powder,
liquid
Rates of absorption
Liquid (fastest?)
Suspension
Powder
Capsule
Tablet
Coated tablet
Enteric Coated tablet (slowest)

What are the three ways that a drug can be delivered parenterally? Which is absorbed
the fastest? ✅Intravenously (fastest)
Absorption- immediate
Onset of action - immediate
Subcutaneously
Absorption - varies (Rapid if water soluble & good circulatory flow)
Onset of action - varies
Intramuscular
Absorption - varies (Rapid if water soluble & good circulatory flow)
Onset of action - varies

Define and describe absorption and factor affecting it. ✅Absorption - movement from
administration site to various tissues
Factor affecting it → route of administration, liver and kidneys, type of medication

Define and describe "first pass effect" ✅Part of the drug may deactivate when it
passes through the liver, the actual amount available to the body can be less than what
an individual ingested orally
Bioavailability is the amount of the oral drug available after passing through the liver
Drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered
orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation

,Which factors affect distribution to different parts of the body? ✅Distribution -
movement of a drug by the circulatory system to the intended site of action
Areas with richer blood supply (liver, kidneys, heart) receives the highest level of the
drug
Areas that do not have rich blood supply (bones, areas with a natural barrier) won't
receive a very high level of the drug

Define and describe metabolism, here does it primarily take place? ✅Metabolism - the
change that occurs in a drug into a more or less potent form of the drug, more soluble
form of the drug, or an inactive form of the drug
Biotransformation occurs when the structure of the drug is chemically altered during
metabolism
Liver - responsible for most of the metabolism of drugs that occurs in the body

Define and describe "half life." ✅The time it takes for a drug to decrease in amount by
half
Decrease reflects how quickly and efficiently a drug metabolizes and excretes
Medications with a short half-life might need multiples spaced doses
Affected by liver and kidney function

What must be considered about drug levels in the body if a patient has decreased liver
and/or kidney function? ✅Most drugs are metabolized in the liver and excreted in the
kidneys, so a decrease in the functioning of either of those two could affect the level of
drugs in the body
Reduce the dose → not metabolizing and excreting, so possibly of building up

Define onset, peak, and duration ✅Onset - Amount of time to demonstrate a
therapeutic response
Peak - amount of time to achieve a full therapeutic effect
Duration - amount of time the drugs therapeutic effects last, without additional doses

Define and describe peak and trough levels. Why and when is this important? ✅Peak -
the point in time when the medication is at the highest level
Trough - The point where in time when the medication is at the lowest level
When administering drugs, you must maintain a therapeutic level in the blood in order to
for it to be effective → variations in blood level help determine if you are maintaining
therapeutic level
Used often with antibiotics, Damaged kidney/ liver? → determine levels to not cause
any more damage

Be able to differentiate between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
✅Pharmacokinetics - describes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
of drugs
Pharmacodynamics - the biochemical changes that occur in the body as a result of
taking a drug

, Define "adverse drug reactions" ✅Unintended effects of the drug
Occur when a medication is given at the appropriate dose
Nontherapeutic
Unintended
May be Predictable or unpredictable
Varies in severity
Mild
Life threatening

Define "therapeutic effects" ✅Intended effects of the drug

Describe "Off-label" ✅Not FDA approved uses, but still safe for patients to use that
way
Benadryl → antihistamine for allergy (labeled us) vs sleep (off-label)

Describe the most severe type of adverse drug reaction and how the patient could
present in this case (clinical manifestations) ✅Most severe - allergic reaction
Range from itching and rash or hives to life-threatening anaphylactic shock
Anaphylactic shock - exaggerates response immune system and massive release of
histamine and other chemical mediators
can occur immediately after exposure
swelling eyes, face, mouth, and throat; difficulty breathing; wheezing; rapid heart rate;
extremely low BP; could lead to cardiac arrest

Define and describe tolerance, cumulative effect, and toxicity. ✅Drug tolerance - the
body's decreased response to a drug it receives over a period of time (must increase
dose to continue therapeutic effect)
Pharmacodynamic tolerance - tolerance associated wit long-term use of opioid
analgesics
Cumulative Effect - (drug sensitivity) may occur secondary to metabolic changes and
results in poor excretion of drugs
Body is unable to metabolize and excrete the single dose of the medication before
another dose is administered
Toxicity - occurs when a client receives drugs in excessive dosages, results in negative
physiological effects (should prescribe the lowest dose possible to achieve therapeutic
effects)
Can also happen when impaired excretion of drug allows it to build up in body
eventually reaches levels where toxic effects are evident
May be irreversible and life-threatening

Differentiate between precautions and contraindications ✅Contraindication → for these
people, you cannot give this medication; benefit does not outweigh the risk; DO NOT
GIVE
drugs that should not be prescribed because they have potential to cause serious or life
threatening adverse drug reactions

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