Is an example for practicing the reading exam of the TOEFL, but you can use this for preparing your Cambridge exam. There are multiple examples of reading exams in this document.
The conservatism of the early English colonists in North America, their strong
attachment to the English way of doing things, would play a major part in the furniture
that was made in New England. The very tools that the first New England furniture
Line makers used were, after all, not much different from those used for centuries – even
(5) millennia: basic hammers, saws, chisels, planes, augers, compasses, and measures.
These were the tools used more or less by all people who worked with wood:
carpenters, barrel makers, and shipwrights. At most the furniture makers might have
had planes with special edges or more delicate chisels, but there could not have been
much specialization in the early years of the colonies.
(10) The furniture makers in those early decades of the 1600’s were known as “joiners,”
for the primary method of constructing furniture, at least among the English of this
time, was that of mortise-and-tenon joinery. The mortise is the hole chiseled and cut
into one piece of wood, while the tenon is the tongue or protruding element shaped
from another piece of wood so that it fits into the mortise; and another small hole is
(15) then drilled (with the auger) through the mortised end and the tenon so that a whittled
peg can secure the joint – thus the term “joiner. ” Panels were fitted into slots on the
basic frames. This kind of construction was used for making everything from houses to
chests.
Relatively little hardware was used during this period. Some nails – forged by
(20) hand – were used, but no screws or glue. Hinges were often made of leather, but metal
hinges were also used. The cruder varieties were made by blacksmiths in the colonies,
but the finer metal elements were imported. Locks and escutcheon plates – the latter to
shield the wood from the metal key – would often be imported.
Above all, what the early English colonists imported was their knowledge of,
(25) familiarity with, and dedication to the traditional types and designs of furniture they
knew in England.
1. The phrase “attachment to” in line 2 is 2. The word “protruding” in line 13 is
closest in meaning to closest in meaning to
(A) control of (A) parallel
(B) distance from (B) simple
(C) curiosity about (C) projecting
(D) preference for (D) important
, 3. The relationship of a mortise and a 7. The word “shield” in line 23 is closest
tenon is most similar to that of in meaning to
(A) a lock and a key (A) decorate
(B) a book and its cover (B) copy
(C) a cup and a saucer (C) shape
(D) a hammer and a nail (D) protect
4. For what purpose did woodworkers 8. The word “they” in line 25 refers to
use an auger
(A) designs
(A) To whittle a peg (B) types
(B) To make a tenon (C) colonists
(C) To drill a hole (D) all
(D) To measure a panel
9. The author implies that the colonial
5. Which of the following were NOT used joiners
in the construction of colonial
furniture? (A) were highly paid
(B) based their furniture on English
(A) Mortises models
(B) Nails (C) used many specialized tools
(C) Hinges (D) had to adjust to using new kinds
(D) Screws of wood in New England
6. The author implies that colonial 10. Which of the following terms does the
metalworkers were author explain in the passage?
(A) unable to make elaborate parts (A) “millennia” (line 5)
(B) more skilled than woodworkers (B) “joiners” (line 10)
(C) more conservative than other (C) “whittled” (line 15)
colonists (D) “blacksmiths” (line 21)
(D) frequently employed by joiners
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