This is a summary of all the lectures that take place in the module EPH1021. It is very comprehensive and contains all the details required in order to pass the exam.
Lecture on the Burden of Disease and its Transitions:
➔ Communicable diseases:
- Caused by a pathogen (virus, fungus or parasite)
- Transmitted
- Passed on
➔ Non-Communicable diseases:
- No transmitted or passed on
- Chronic conditions
- Can be brain conditions, diabetes, CVD.
➔ Disease burden: are the challenges (problems) related to a disease
➔ Disease: lack of health ( occurrence of a problem)
➔ More than half of the burden of disease in the world are from NCDs, Blue box, and then
the salmon box represents the burden of diseases due to CDs and then the green box
which represents injuries and accidents (high burden in low income countries or countries
with war)
➔ Categories and definitions of diseases can affect and change how we measure them.
➔ Difference between Infectious diseases and Communicable diseases:
- Infectious diseases: we need an infectious agent (pathogen), not all infectious diseases
are passed no. so not all infectious diseases are communicable diseases.
Example: Tetanus from soil (can get it from animals but can not be passed on between
humans )
- Communicable diseases: passed on and transmitted between animals and humans.
Passed on.
Example: cognito tetanus between mother and son (can get it from a virus but is passed
from mother to child)
(All communicable disease are infectious diseases but NOT all infectious diseases are
communicable)
, ➔ Difference between Non-communicable disease and Chronic diseases:
- Non-Communicable diseases: not passed on, not transmitted, also known as chronic
conditions. Such as CVD, strokes and cancer
- Chronic conditions: has to do with the symptoms, last for a long time and need ongoing
medical attention.
(Chronic diseases are not the same as Non-communicable disease are chronic conditions can
come from communicable diseases (infection) such as HIV)
➔ How is the burden of diseases measured:
- GBD (global burden of disease studies)(Global initiative that collects data from
all around the world and tries to compare it)
- WHO for EU we have (WHO-europe and ECDC) on (Country level we have
CDC)
➔ Burden of disease studies focus on:
- Death (mortality)
- Diseases (morbidity, disability)(comorbidities)
- Risk factors (they attribute and increase the likelihood of developing a disease)
- Health determinants (characteristics that shape the health of the individual)
➔ PROS of Burden of diseases study:
- Improved methodology
- Means to monitor progress towards SDG
- Highlights what improvements needs to be done in data collection and management
- Increased transparency
- Increased attempts to include more risk factors
➔ CONS of burden of diseases study:
- Lack of information
- Low quality data
- Limited stratification
- Different methodologies for data collection and management
,➔ INDICATORS for health professionals to use:
- DALY
- Life expectancy (the healthier the population the longer it lives)
- Mortality (infant mortality, indicator for how good the health status of the
population is)
- Morbidity
- Progress towards the SDG
- Risk factors
- Causes of death (death labeling changes among countries)
➔ SDGs (Sustainable Development goals)
➔ Population health depends on:
➔ Changes in Population demographics (DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:
- Demography (Statistical study of human population. The study of statistics such as for
births, deaths, and income)
- Demographic transitions: changes in the fertility and mortality rates
- 5 stages of demographic transition (low income countries in stage 2, middle income
countries in stage 3, and high income countries in stage 4 and 5).
- The Graph shows how the population ages, causing fertility rates to decrease and death
rates also being low.
- Stages of demographic transition:
1- high stationary 1- ثبات عالي
2- early expanding
3- late expanding
4- low stationary
5- declining or negative population growth
, - Changes in the 3 population pyramids:
Explanation of the 3 population pyramids:
- Expansive (high fertility rates)(high population growth) (young and growing)
- Constrictive (elderly and shrinking, low fertility rates, population aging)
- Stationary (no population growth, low fertility rates and low death rates)
➔ Changes in the type of Diseases (EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION)
- Change in the pattern of diseases from infectious diseases to chronic diseases
- It is caused by demographic changes/ socio-economic developments/ emergence of new
disease/ changes in risk factors or determinants
➔ OMRAN introduced the EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRANSITION:
- Natural change in the population from being a burden of infectious diseases to being a
burden of Non-Communicable diseases.
(Transition models are beneficial to study changes in health and risk factors /important to know
where to focus future research)
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