Summary of Neuroanatomy and Physiological Psychology
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214
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Bar Ilan University
Boek
Physiology of Behavior
Outline-based summary of notes on Physiological Psychology and Neuroanatomy. Easy review of basic brain structures and roles, and drug interactions in the brain. From cells to cortexes, this basic review covers the basic elements of a year-long course in 20 pages.
classical conditioning for emotionally aversive stimuli (physiological mechanism)
role of hippocampus in human memory (physiological mechanism)
role of hippocampus in human memory (physiological mechanism)
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Whole Neuroanatomy Course- Summarized Outline of Material
1. Glia
a. Glue of nervous system - support/hold neurons, helps maintain cell
function/energy supply:
i. CNS
1. Astrocytes
a. Physical support
b. Cleans up debris (phagocytosis)
c. Are formed from radial glia (2st cells produced in
brain)
2. Oligodendrocytes
a. Form myelin sheath in CNS with nodes of ranvier in
between
3. Microglia
a. Smallest, phagocytes, represent immune system
ii. PNS
1. Schwann cells
a. Serve as myelin sheath, fully wraps around the
axon
2. Composition of a neuron
a. Dendrites-soma-axon-terminal buttons
3. Action potential
a. Resting
i. -70 mv.
ii. Movement of electrical currents intracellular causes energy
iii. Positive charge depolarizes it. Up to threshold of excitation
iv. Is at a certain equilibrium naturally, tries to return to that.
1. Spatial summation - polar signals from many sources can
spatially combine to be stronger
2. Temporal summation - polar signals from the same source
add up (if close in time) to be stronger
v. Neural integration - all messages from synapses IPSP vs EPSP
influence if AP happens or not.
b. Terminated via reuptake or enzymes.
i. AP fires at axon hillock
ii. Acted on by diffusion vs electrostatic pressure
iii. Diff amounts/charge
1. NA+
a. Both want in
b. excitatory
2. Cl-
a. Wants diffuse in
, 3. K+
a. Wants electro in
b. inhibitory
4. A-
a. Irrelevant
c. Voltage vs NT-dependent
i. Sodium, calcium and potassium are voltage dependent
ii. When AP starts sodium enters (activation gate) then 1 m-sec later
inactivation gate opens. Channels reset in refractory period
1. 2 refractory periods:
a. Absolute - Depolarization, Na+ channels inactive
b. Relative -Hyperpolarization (highly negatively
charged- reset), strong stimulus starts AP
iii. AP reaches TB’s causes depolarization, opening Ca2+ channels,
pushing calcium into the cell. Causes exocytosis (vesicles fuse
with membrane and release NT’s {neurotransmitters} into
synaptic cleft)
iv. Sodium-Potassium pump
1. Too much sodium in the cell. 2 out at a time by potassium
2 in at a time. Stabilizes it back to resting potential.
d. Process
i. NT’s form in soma, signals tell axon hillock to AP or not. If so,
sodium enters. Then potassium starts to leave. Sodium channels
turn refractory. That pos sodium causes energy, pushing NT’s in
vesicles down microtubules to TB’s. voltage opens calcium
channels, which makes vesicles merge with membrane, to release
NT’s. Potassium leaves to lower the pos environment. Then
potassium channels close, sodium channels reset, and refractory
period.
e. Receptor activation
i. On post synaptic neuron, NT-dependent.
ii. Direct - inotropic
iii. Indirect - metabotropic (g protein, second messenger)
1. Neuromodulators work using this. Most are peptides,
modulating an area’s activity.
4. Primary cortex lobes
a. Occipital
i. Visual and Association cortex
ii. Striate cortex, surrounds calcarine sulcus
iii. Agnosia in the Association cortex results in inability to recognize
objects spatially.
b. Parietal
, i. Somatosensory and association cortex (integration episodic
memory)
ii. Proprioception (body position) and nociception (pain)
iii. Homunculus (sensory/motor strips)
iv. Sense from multiple origins
v. Damage = hemispatial neglect (object recognition in areas
relating to out position in world)
c. Temporal
i. The Auditory and Association cortex understands the meaning of
words.
ii. Also area pertaining to object recognition (meaning), and
comprehension
iii. Damage= anterograde amnesia
iv. On either side of lateral fissure.
d. Frontal
i. Motor (movement)
ii. Higher order association areas carry out complex processes not
associated with particular sense.
iii. Prefrontal cortex
1. Strategizing and decision making, personality expression
5. Sensory input structures:
a. (Cerebral cortex)
b. Limbic system - emotional learning and memory (connects higher/ lower
brain functions)
i. Limbic cortex
1. Emotional memory and mediating autonomic functions
2. Directs limbic system, one region is cingulate gyrus
a. Connected to association areas (feeling safe,
attention, emotional learning)
ii. Hypothalamus
1. Autonomic nervous system (fight/flight), 4 F’s, endocrine
system (hormones).
2. Pituitary glands: posterior and superior:
3. Posterior - hormone secretion
a. Oxytocin - childbirth, milk in nursing. Vasopressin -
urine output of kidneys
4. Anterior - master gland, controls other glands and
neurosecretory cells
a. Ex. Gonadotropin releasing hormones plays a
reproductive role.
iii. Hippocampus
1. Memory
iv. Fornix
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