This document is a summary of all answers to the learning goals of cases in the communicable and non-communicable diseases module (EPH1022). It is a comprehensive summary but also explains things clearly and equips the student with all the relevant information needed to answer the exam questions. T...
Definition of Communicable Diseases? Some Examples?
Are infectious and Communicable diseases the same?
- Communicable diseases: Infectious, Transmissible diseases. Illnesses that are caused
from an infection, presence or growth of a pathogenic biological agent in human bodies
or animals that are capable of causing diseases.
- Spread from one person to another.
- Communicable diseases are TRANSMISSIBLE between humans or animals. (come from
humans or animals and get transmitted)
- Examples: Measles and Fli.
- Infectious diseases: come from all other factors. Come from pathogens: viruses, bacteria
and fungi.
- Example: Tetanus from Soil.
- All Communicable diseases are Infectious diseases but NOT all infectious diseases are
Communicable diseases (Transmissible).
Definition of Non-communicable diseases? Some Examples?
Are chronic (non-infectious) and non-communicable diseases the
same?
- Non-Communicable diseases: Chronic, Non-transmissible diseases. Come from lifestyle
related health conditions. Are not caused by infectious agents. Results in long term health
issues.
- Examples: Diabetes and Obesity.
- A communicable disease can become an NCD such as HIV.
- 4 types of NCDs:
CVD (heart attacks and strokes)
Respiratory diseases (such as asthma)
Cancer
Diabetes
- Are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral
factors.
, - The European Region is the most affected by Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and
their growth is continuing.
- The impact of major NCDs is equally alarming as these conditions result in 90% deaths
in the region.
- WHO Europe develops norms and standards, guidance and public health tools to help
countries implement effective programmes and address risk factors.
- Chronic disease: has to do more with the symptoms, last for a long term and require
long medical attention.
- Can be caused from infectious agents
- Can come from communicable diseases.
- A communicable disease can become a chronic disease such as HIV.
How did the Understanding of Communicable and Noncommunicable
diseases contribute to the emerging concept of New public health?
- Understanding what communicable and Noncommunicable diseases help with
understanding the shift in the burden of diseases from Communicable diseases to
Non-communicable diseases.
- Long ago public health was only concerned with communicable diseases but New public
health is more concerned with chronic, Non-communicable diseases.
- We have longer life expectancy in populations so we have an aging population which
creates a higher risk of developed NCDs.
- What is new about new public health is not the originality of the strategies for ensuring
health conditions but the way in which health promotion adapted new cores of the
previous era to address the public health threats of our new era.
- New public health eras usually arise when the dominant public health framework
becomes obsolete as a result of changing health patterns and advances in health
technology
The New Public Health is an integrative approach to protecting and promoting the health status
of both the individual and the society.
- The dimensions of the NPH include conceptual, methodological, scientific, politics and
moral factors recognizing the interdependency and interrelationship of the health of the
people, communities and nations.
- As outlined in the Alma-ata conference of 1978, the NHP encompasses a wide range of
essential preventive, curative and rehabilitative factors crucial to the health and
well-being of the society. (TULCHINSKY).
- Alma-ata conference. International conference on primary health care
,The mission and application of the New Public health:
- The mission of the New public health is to maximize human health and well-being and to
help redress societal and global inequities
- Inequities are part of the challenge of the New Public Health.
Case Studies in a New Public Health:
- Vaccination and control of Infectious diseases: Edwards jenner’s discovery of cowpox
to vaccinate people for protection from smallpox was one of the great breakthroughs of
public health
- Addressing the tobacco epidemic: reduction of smoking and tobacco use through health
promotion.The WHO framework convention on tobacco control is the first treaty
negotiated under the auspices of the world health organization.
- Infections causing Chronic Disease.
Risk Reduction:
- Prevention of diseases: brings relief from suffering and has an economic advantage and
has a benefit on the economy, individuals and the community
- Risk reduction activities combine education for both infectious and noninfectious
diseases, including direct interventions.
How did Hygiene impact New Public health?
(reasons for the emergence of New public health)?
Eras of Evolution of Public health:
1- Health protection: diseases may be prevented by enforced regulation of human
behavior, mediated through societies’ social structure. (Quarantine - physical segregation
of the diseased body)
2- Sanitation (Miasma Era). Addressing unsanitary environmental conditions prevents
diseases. Edwin chadwicks’s demonstrated the influence of filthy environmental
conditions on england's public health act.
3- Contagion Era. Facilitated improved understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious
diseases like cholera.
4- Preventive medicine Era: ( improvements in public health through the focus on the
prevention and cure of diseases in high risk groups)(High risk groups such as school
children and pregnant women). It recognized that not all microbes were dangerous, some
were needed for healthy bodily function.
5- Primary health care: Health for all: effective health care for the whole community,
for the community and by the community. Alma ata declaration: goal of “Health for all”.
, Founded the movement of health for all. Securing health for people in the whole world.
Make healthcare available for all.
6- Health promotion: Ottawa charter. Advocacy of health, enabling individuals and
communities to attain optimal health. Providing individuals and the community with
resources and opportunities to be healthy. Ottawa charter: advocated the need to increase
opportunities for people to make healthy choices.
➔ Some extra info:
- NPH is NOT only based on the responsibility of the national and local governments but
also involves self care by the individual and the community. Involves sectors such as
food, medical equipment, pharmaceutical and vaccine manufacturers.
- NPH is concerned with action
- Inequities are part of the challenge of the New Public Health.
- Health promotion is viewed as having 3 core components: health education, prevention,
and protection
- Quarantine practices is an example of how health protection activities have been
incorporated into the new public health. (prevention of diseases transmission)
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