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Personality & Personality Disorders Summary
Lectures, reading materials, and online videos summarized all in one document with relevant pictures.
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Personality &Personality Disorder - San.K** For Feinstein chapters, to get a general overview look at ‘Key
Points’ in the beginning of the ch.
Lect 1 notes:
- Personality: the enduring configuration of characteristics and
behavior that comprises an individual’s unique adjustment to life,
including major traits, interests, drives, values, self-concept,
abilities, and emotional patterns.
- Personality trait: a relatively stable, consistent, and enduring
internal characteristic that is inferred from a pattern of behaviors,
attitudes, feelings, and habits in the individual.
- History: Personality trait theory
• Francis Galton 1880’s Lexical Hypothesis.
• Allport 1930’s; 18.000 ‘personality words’
- Lexical hypothesis: Traits are words in natural language to
describe individual characteristics
(Allport & Oddbert, 1936)
• Hypothesis 1: Important personality characteristics will eventually
become a part of that group's language.
• Hypothesis 2: more important personality characteristics are
more likely to be encoded into language as a single word.
• Hypothesis 3: Principle Component Analysis of traits can be
used to extract important aspects of variation in a population.
- Personality traits are hierarchical organized (traits consist of
facets, that consist of items)
- Research insights are largely similar to mood, anxiety and
psychotic disorders:
• Twin research; ~ 45% unique environment ~ 45% additive
genetic, 10% common environment
• There are gene x environment interactions and correlations
• Highly polygenetic (involving many, not a few genes).
• Involve many brain regions (and similar key brain networks;
emotion, motivation, cognition).
- Life history theory. Energy is finite, choices are made on how to
use it => individual differences
- Balancing selection
• Environmental Heterogeneity in Fitness Optima (the fitness of an
individual depends on the environment & his phenotype)
• Frequency-Dependent Selection -> a situation where fitness is
dependent upon the frequency of a phenotype or genotype in a
, population. (e.g. repeated Prisoners dilemma, 2% of people will
defect, rest cooperate).
- Supervenience: “There cannot be an A-difference without a B-
difference” no mental diffs w/o biological diffs so if A
changes/interrupts B, any change in A is change in B (not vv.)
- Multiple realizability: different brain states possibly related to the
same
mental state. Compatible with supervenience.
- Identity Theory = Processes of the mind are identical
to states and processes of the brain (reductionist)
- How do you measure stability of personality traits?
• Rank-order stability: rank test-retest correlation.
• mean-level change: overall change on a trait score.
- Stability (mostly >25y) and change (especially-
for emotional stability)
Lect 1 reading materials:
1. Fleeson, W. (2004). Moving Personality Beyond the Person-
Situation DebateLinks to an external site.. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 13(2), 83–87. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00280.x :
- Conclusion about the person-situation debate: there is both
stability and variability in personality
Time scale is key: Moment-to-moment: behavior can be quite
different. week-to-week it is quite stable..
2. Krueger, R. F. & Markon, K. E. The Role of the DSM-5 Personality
Trait Model in Moving Toward a Quantitative and Empirically
Based Approach to Classifying Personality and Psychopathology
Annual review of clinical psychology 10, 483-496 (2014). :-
- Interstitiality: the tendency of some personality constructs to be
located in between broader domains of personality variation. For
example, a dispositional tendency to be depressed tends to reflect
the personality domains of both high negative affect and low
positive affect.
- Polarity: the extent to which a specific measure of a personality
dimension reflects one or both ends of a personality trait
distribution that is theorized to have both a high end and a low end
that are conceptual opposites (e.g., introversion versus
extraversion)
- As noted by Samuel (2011), if a trait is measured poorly at one
end of its range, and impairment only increases at the other end of
the range, it would be impossible to know if the observed
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, association is due to lack of a true relationship or lack of
measurement at both ends.
- Second, it is important to account for the interstitiality of measures
when examining their relationship with impairment. If a measure
reflects two factors, but those factors are accounted for when
examining relationships with impairment, a trait may appear to
relate to impairment nonmonotonically (two variables don't
generally change in the same direction) when the association is
actually spurious (not real), driven by a measure’s relationship
with an unmodeled factor. For example, obsessive-compulsive
phenomena have been found to relate to thought disorder
(Chmielewski & Watson 2008) as well as conscientiousness (e.g.,
Markon et al. 2005, Widiger & Simonsen 2005). If
conscientiousness is observed to be related to impairment at both
ends, but one end is marked primarily by measures of obsessive-
compulsive psychopathology, is the increase in impairment at that
end due to conscientiousness or thought disorder?
- informant report is particularly useful when assessing traits that
are highly evaluative and that are manifest in visible, tangible
indicators.
- self-report may be more useful when assessing traits that are less
evaluative or traits that involve highly subjective, personal
experiences that are difficult for informants to assess.
- There is saturation of the PID-5 with negative valence, as
suggested previously with regard to the tendency for all PID-5
scales to be positively correlated. That is, the PID-5 was designed
specifically to provide coverage of personality pathology as
opposed to explicit item content encompassing both adaptive and
maladaptive aspects of personality trait variation.
- The HEXACO model of Lee & Ashton (2004) extends the FFM by
positing a sixth domain beyond the FFM; the domain is focused on
honesty-humility. In addition, Ashton & Lee (2012) recently
presented evidence that schizotypal and dissociative tendencies
may form a seventh domain, beyond the six currently
encompassed by the HEXACO model (and beyond the five
encompassed by the FFM, i.e., they posit schizotypy-dissociation
as separate from FFM openness). In recent work, this group has
examined this seven-domain model in relation to the PID-5
(Ashton et al. 2012). They presented evidence that no PID-5 scale
loaded strongly on their openness factor, and only one PID-5
scale (hostility) loaded notably on their agreeableness factor.
However, in a footnote, they comment that in a six-factor model,
openness and schizotypy/dissociation collapsed into a single
factor, and further, in a five-factor model, honesty-humility and
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, agreeableness collapsed into a single factor. This might suggest
that the “HEXACO plus schizotypy/dissociation” model represents
a downward hierarchical extension of the FFM (which does seem
to contain the PID-5 facets), a possibility that could be examined
more explicitly in future research.
- The DAPP model contains 18 specific maladaptive personality
facets that are arranged into four broad domains of emotional
dysregulation (akin to FFM neuroticism), dissocial behavior (akin
to FFM disagreeableness), inhibition (akin to FFM introversion),
and compulsivity (akin to FFM conscientiousness)
- With regard to detachment and extraversion, they suggest that the
maladaptive nature of PID-5 detachment content may tilt this
content toward neuroticism, such that PID-5 detachment blends
features of both neuroticism and introversion. With regard to
openness and psychoticism, they suggest that this broader
domain may be better understood in terms of its subdomains,
such that specific aspects of openness (e.g., fantasy proneness)
converge better with psychoticism compared with other aspects
(e.g., intellectual interests).
- The three domains where Watson et al. (2013) find greater normal
-abnormal convergence are the areas of personality that
emphasize negatively valenced content, i.e., traits that fall into the
broad domain of traits termed “alpha” by Digman (1997;
encompassing neuroticism, disagreeableness, and
unconscientiousness) as opposed to “beta” traits (encompassing
extraversion and openness), which contain more positively
valenced content, at a high level of the overall trait hierarchy.
- In sum, the DSM-5 traits account for substantial variance in the
DSM-IV PDs, whether these constructs are assessed by self-
report or through clinical ratings.
- Even though the PID-5 scales were designed with a focus on
specific poles of their target traits, they can also index the
opposite poles and show substantial negative correlations with
opposite pole indicators (e.g., boldness is negatively correlated
with submissiveness).
- Summary points:
1. The DSM-5 personality trait model has been the focus of recent
research. This literature suggests that the DSM-5 personality
trait model (a) can be well understood as a maladaptive
extension of the five-factor model of personality (FFM), (b) can
account for the reliable variance in DSM-IV personality
disorders, (c) can account for specific clinical constructs
beyond personality traits and personality disorders (e.g.,
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