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Epidemiology and Biostatistics questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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Epidemiology and Biostatistics questions and answers graded A+ 2024/2025
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Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEpidemiology - ANSThe observe of the prevalence and distribution of health-associated states
or activities in certain populations, which includes the take a look at of the determinants
influencing such states, and the applications of this know-how to manipulate the fitness troubles
Key Words: distribution, fitness-related states or activities, distinctive populations, determinants,
control the health issues
Determinants - ANSFactors or occasions that are able to bringing approximately a change in
health; whatever that may negatively (hazard issue) or positively (protective issue) affect health
Distribution - ANSFrequency of sickness occurrence and determinants may also range from one
populace to every other; suggests variation by age group, time, geographic vicinity, and other
variables
Burden of Disease - ANSImpact of a health problem in a place measured with the aid of
economic fee, mortality, morbidity, or different signs
Quantification - ANSCounting the instances of ailment vs. Counting the episodes of disease
Epidemic - ANSThe incidence in a community or location of instances of an contamination
absolutely in excess of expectancy; relative to the usual frequency of the sickness
Surveillance - ANSThe systematic series of facts referring to the incidence of unique sickness;
ongoing process (long-term)
Survey - ANSShort-time period systematic series of records
Epidemic Threshold - ANSThe minimum variety of instances (or deaths) that could support the
realization that a deadly disease become underway; mounted once you recognize what is
normal
Endemic - ANSHabitual presence of a disease within a given geographic location; generally gift
at low ranges; hyperendemic- gift at a high level
Pandemic - ANSAn epidemic on global scale; all through a pandemic, massive numbers of
individuals may be affected and a sickness can also move global borders; WHO: human to
human transmission of an animal or human-animal influenza reassortant virus capable of
preserve community-degree outbreaks in 2 or extra countries in 1 WHO place and in as a
minimum 1 different us of a in some other WHO vicinity
, The Black Death - ANSFirst mentioned pandemic; claimed 1/4-1/3 of populace of Europe
1918 Spanish Flu - ANSKilled 50-100 million humans global; 2.5% case-fatality charge
2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic - ANSNovel H1N1 stress; confirmed instances had been a
good deal lower than estimates due to the fact no longer all instances have been said; 20,000
deaths
Hippocrates - ANSSuggested that sickness might be associated with the bodily surroundings;
motion far from supernatural reasons of ailment causation
John Graunt - ANSRecorded seasonal variations in births and deaths- confirmed extra male
over lady variations in mortality
Edward Jenner - ANSDeveloped a technique for smallpox vaccination (phrase's first
vaccination)
Robert Koch - ANSDeveloped Germ Theory of Disease
William Farr - ANSFoundation for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
John Snow - ANSInvestigated a cholera outbreak in London, related the cholera epidemic to
infected water materials; used a niche map of instances and tabulation of deadly attacks and
deaths (GIS/geographic information gadget approach)
Natural Experiment - ANSThe epidemiologist does now not control a risk factor however rather
observes the changes in an outcome because the result of a certainly happening situation; may
be the result of law, coverage adjustments, or environmental interventions
Secular Trends - ANSChanges in frequency of disorder or fitness-related occasions over an
extended-time period
Cyclic Fluctuations - ANSSeasonal variation in changes in frequency of disease or
fitness-associated activities
Factors Affecting Reliability of Observed Changes - ANS1. Lack of comparability over the years
because of altered diagnostic standards (new case definition)
2. Aging of the overall population (more than one factors affecting dying of the aged)
3. Changes inside the deadly path of the condition
four. Changes in the diagnostic coding gadget (ICD)
five. Efficient surveillance gadget (better diagnostic strategies)
Disappearing Disorders - ANSConditions that had been once commonplace but are not present
in epidemic shape (ex. Smallpox, polio)
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