Polit & Beck 9th Ed Nursing research Ch9
Blinding
If information about the study will be withheld form data collectors, study participants or other to minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity
Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is causing the outcome.
What are th...
If information about the study will be withheld form data collectors, study participants or other to
minimize risk of bias.
Internal validity
Extent to which it can be inferred that the independent variable is causing the outcome.
What are the threats to internal validity
Selection Bias, History, Maturation, Mortality, Testing and Instrumentation
History Threat
Occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that can affect the outcome.
Maturation Threat
Arises from processes occurring as a result of time rather than the independent variable.
Selection Threat
Reflects biases stemming from pre-existing differences between groups
Mortality Threat
Threat that arises from attrition in groups being compared. If different kinds of people remain in the
study in one group verses another then theses differences could account the change in the
outcomes rather than the independent variable.
Statistical Power
The capacity the detect true relationships
Statistical Conclusion validity
The degree to which interference about relationships from a statistical analysis of the data are
correct. ( Type II error- usually due to too small sample size)
External validity
Concerns inferences about whether relationships found for study participants might hold true for
different people and settings. Critical to EBP
Constructs Validity
Involves inferences form the particulars of the study to the higher order constructs they are
intended to represent.
Retrospective Design
, Collecting data about an outcome in the present and then looking back in time for a possible cause.
Retrospective Design
Also called a Ex Post Facto
A design often used epidemiological studies ( case control is an example)
Retrospective Design
Studies that are typically expensive, time consuming and subject to the risk of attrition ( loss of
participants over time) but yield valuable information over time related phenomena
Longitudinal Studies
Longitudinal Studies
Data collection at tow or more times over an extended period.
Cross-Sectional Design
Collection of data at one time period.
Non experimental, one group, one point in time, captures stages of a condition that occur over time
but at as a snap shot.
Cross-Sectional Desgin
Cohort Comparison
Non-Experimental, same point in time, multi groups
Experimental Design
Provides the best evidence to claim cause-effect relationship, includes pre/posttest to indicate a
point in time data collection
What are the essential comments of an Experimental Design
Randomization, Control, Manipulation
Quasi-Experiments
Involves an intervention but lacks a comparison group or randomization. (Trials without
randomization)
What are the three commonly used Quasi Experiments
nonequivalent control group pre/posttest, Time Series, and Pre-experimental designs.
Describing, explaining and predicting can be used for the purpose of what design
non-experimental
Descriptive Design
Exploratory, comparative and uses surveys for self report about attitudes, perceptions and
behaviors.
Attrition
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