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PL CHEM 219 Module 1 Latest 2024 Real Exam Questions and Correct Answers Graded A+
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PL CHEM 219 Module 1 Latest 2024 Real Exam Questions and Correct Answers Graded A+ Bond-line Formulae - Answer-show all of the bonds and none of the atoms, except for heteroatoms and hydrogens attached to heteroatoms. are by far the most common type of structural formula representation used in...

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PL CHEM 219 Module 1 Latest 2024
Real Exam Questions and Correct
Answers Graded A+

Bond-line Formulae - Answer-show all of the bonds and none of the atoms, except for
heteroatoms and hydrogens attached to heteroatoms.

are by far the most common type of structural formula representation used in organic
chemistry.

they are the fastest and easiest way to draw molecular structures, but they require
some "getting used to" due to the conventions employed.

the carbon skeleton is represented using lines representing bonds between the carbon
atoms, but no carbon atoms are shown.
it is understood that the carbons are represented at the end of each line or at the vertex
where two lines meet.

typically, bond-line formulae are written in a "zig-zag" fashion, which makes the vertices
easy to see. this zig-zag pattern also mimics the actual bond angles in molecules whose
carbon atoms are all forming four single bonds.

sometimes, bond-line formulae are called "bends-and-ends" formulae because a carbon
atom is understood to be everywhere the line bends or ends.

are excellent ways to represent molecules that possess multiple bonds and cyclic
structures (or both).
multiple bonds between atoms in molecules are simply represented by drawing
additional lines between the atoms.

-cyclic molecules are represented by drawing the appropriate geometric shape
according to the number of carbons in the molecule

Formal Charge - Answer-of an atom is the electrical charge possessed by an atom
when bonded in a molecule.

the sum of the formal charge on each atom is the overall charge on the molecule or ion.

the determination of the formal charge on an atom uses the following formula:

Formal Charge = group # of element - (dots + dashes)

, Where:
a) "dots" = non-binding electrons (may be lone pairs or single [unpaired] electrons)
b) "dashes" = bonding electrons (covalent bonds)

Resonance Structures - Answer-two or more structural formulae of a molecule (or
polyatomic ion) with identical arrangements of the atoms but different arrangements of
the electrons in each.

Hybrid form or Resonance hybrid - Answer-an average or blend of all of the individual
resonance structures that can be drawn for that molecule.

another impact of the hybrid structure is that the two negative formal charges that are
localized onto two oxygens in any individual resonance form also get blended or
averaged.

Curved Arrow Notation - Answer-to show the relationship between resonance
structures.

this convention is sometimes referred to as "pushing electrons", as the curved arrows
are used to show how the electrons in one resonance structure are redistributed to
become another and so on.

When drawing resonance structures: - Answer-as long as the total number of electrons
is not changed and the valence of any atom is not exceeded, then the resonance
structure is a valid resonance form and how strongly it contributes to the overall hybrid
structure can be judged.

Quantum Mechanics - Answer-which is the branch of science that deals with the
mathematical description of the motion and interaction of subatomic particles.

to be able to extend the material discussed thus far, specifically to learn how different
patterns of connectivity lead to specific molecular geometries (shapes), how atoms
actually share electrons needs to be understood.
-this is the basis of quantum mechanical theory as it applies to bond formation between
atoms.

Orbital - Answer-is a region of space around an atom in which there is a high probability
of finding an electron (> 90%).

have definitive shapes.

for the main group elements involved in most organic molecules, the elements possess
only s and p atomic orbitals.

the s atomic orbitals are spherical, while p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped (two lobes).

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