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Governments will do anything to keep their power.
o Invading, bombing, overthrowing other governments, influence lections, etc.
Battlefield: where, why and how?
25 deaths per year< = armed conflict
Conflicts arise where one group of people exerts power over another group that doesn’t want that.
International conflicts take place between countries.
Internal conflicts or civil wars remain withing borders, caused by insurgents who fight against the
government or against each other.
Internationalized conflict when foreign countries get involved in an internal conflict/civil war.
Terrorism is violence to achieve a political goal, for example with bomb attacks.
How do you draw a border?
A state is an area with a border surrounding it.
o Withing a statelaws and rules
o A state has the right to sovereignty or self-determination: the state exercises power and other
states are not allowed to interfere with domestic affairs.
People in a state feel that they belong to each other.
Form a people or nation.
Ethnicity is used to describe the cultures and the origins of a people.
You call the residential are of a people their territory.
o When a people have their own state, there is little reason for conflict.
Discussion of border
Borders are created by those in power.
Due to subordination or suppression by the central authority, a people sometimes demands
independence.
o Called separatism
As a government, if you suppress a peoplethey suppressed people want to have freedom.
Ummahworldwide connection between Muslims
o When the ummah becomes a violent conflict, you call it jihadism
Learning objectives
You know where armed conflicts in the world occur.
You understand why internal conflicts can arise.
You see the connections between conflicts using atlas maps and other data.
, 4.2 Origin of conflict
Economic causes
Some areas on Earth seem worthless, but sometimes it turns out that there are many natural resources in
such areas.
o The earnings from these natural resources are not always benefitting the local people who live in
poverty.
o The extraction often leads to major ecological problems in their habitat.
Chance of conflict is very high
o Called the paradox of abundance or resource curse.
Cultural and demographic causes
There are often conflicts between different cultures and religions.
o Lots of armed conflicts between Muslims.
The spark that ignites the conflict is subordination (someone else plays the boss often
the government)
Culture or religion = often not the cause
Cause = combination of an unfair distribution of power and a sense of poverty.
Country with a youth bulge
o Conflicts can explode extremely fast.
Particularly high unemployment leads to frustration and resistance to who are in power.
The role of the government
In conflict areas, an authoritarian regime or dictatorship is often in power.
o Power lies with one person or a small group.
In countries where conflicts are there is often a fragile state
o A fragile state is a vulnerable state, where the government has virtually no control and where
there is corruption, crime and economic chaos everywhere.
In some countries there is democracy but the government does not take good care of all its citizens.
Learning objectives
You know what can cause conflicts.
You understand the connection between he outbreak of conflicts, the establishment of peace and the role
of the government in this.
In a conflict you can distinguish the different parties and their views, and weigh them up against each
other.
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