OCCTH 585 Neuro Questions And Answers 100% Verified.
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OCCTH 585 Neuro Questions And Answers 100% Verified.
Information flows through neurons from ____ to ____ in the neuron - correct ite; axon
_____ bring a cell to threshold while _____ bring a cell further from threshold - correct answer.EPSPs; IPSPs
What 3 main things is neuroplasti...
OCCTH 585 Neuro Questions And Answers
100% Verified.
Information flows through neurons from ____ to ____ in the neuron - correct
answer.dendrite; axon
_____ bring a cell to threshold while _____ bring a cell further from threshold - correct
answer.EPSPs; IPSPs
What 3 main things is neuroplasticity capable of? - correct answer.- changing the
properties of neurotransmission
- changes in cell properties
- structural/ anatomical changes of cells
How does neuroplasticity change the properties of neurotransmission? (2) - correct
answer.- change in transmitter size
- change in PSP size or shape
How does neuroplasticity change the properties of cells? (3) - correct answer.- size and
shape
- electrical properties (resistance)
- "leakiness" of membrane
What is unmasking? - correct answer.when an injury, event, or illness eliminates the
inputs that a neuron most commonly responds to (i.e. blue --> blue region of brain), the
neuron will become more responsive to the other inputs on the neuron (i.e. yellow -->
yellow region of brain) and that new representation will increase; is immediate, involves
exposure of pre-existing synapses, and creates functional changes in the cell
What is dendritic pruning? - correct answer.when dendrites with no active synapses are
retracted to reduce the amount of resources wasted to keep those useless dendrites
alive; changes cellular properties (size and shape) and creates as 'loss of real estate',
decreases energy expenditure
What is collateral sprouting? - correct answer.when neurons sprout new synapses on
bare dendrites (either after pruning of dead synapses or less used working ones)
leading the cell to become more responsive to those new inputs
,What can lead to collateral sprouting? - correct answer.more stimulation; higher
representation is driven by high rates of APs
What are the 6 mechanisms of collateral sprouting? - correct answer.- growth of new
bits
- requires time
- fill vacancy OR push less used synapses out of the way
- activity dependent
- produces functional changes
Do neurons have to be close to the "free real estate" in order to make new collaterals?
Do they need to already be involved with it? - correct answer.no, the closest ones will
usually get there first, but the axons can grow out 1-2cm to form a connection (any
further = stuff in the way, would take too long and die); no
What signals to other neurons that there is space to form new collaterals and guides
them to it? - correct answer.neurotrophin (released by dendritic spines through APs)
What are chemoattractants? - correct answer.neurotrophins and other chemical signals
that signal to a neuron to grow their collaterals in that direction
What are chemorepellants? - correct answer.chemical signals that signal to a neuron to
grow their collaterals away from that direction
What structures release chemoattractants and chemorepellants? - correct
answer.guide cells
What is a growth cone? - correct answer.a specialized structure at the end of the axon
that has filopodia that branch out in multiple directions to look for chemoattractive and
chemorepellant signals
Are neurons always responsive to guidance molecules? - correct answer.no, they are
time-locked based on the developmental clock of the embryo; some guidance
molecules can be both a chemoattractant and a chemorepellant depending on the
embryo's current stage of development
A large chemorepellant signal can lead to ____ ____ ____; exposure can also signal
____________________ - correct answer.growth cone collapse; growth of filipodia off
growth of different spots of the neuron
Where are new neurons produced? (3) - correct answer.- subventricular zone
(olfactory)
- dentrate gyrus of hippocampus (memory)
- Cerebral cortex
, What are neurons and neurogenesis' roles in learning and memory? (3) - correct
answer.- undergo synaptic plasticity to retain memory
- can become "locked" for longterm memory
- can be replaced to allow new learning
___-___% of neurons in the hippocampus are replaced _____ - correct answer.20-
25%; monthly
What types of cells can stem cells turn into? - correct answer.- oligodendrocyte
- astrocyte
- neuron
What things determine the type of cell that stem cells differentiate into? (2) - correct
answer.- level of hormones (estrogen increases, glucocorticoids decrease)
- environmental factors (in CNS, most often are astrocytes; neurons survive longer in
enriched environment)
What barriers do we face in attempting to direct stem cells to produce neurons needed
to repair injuries? (6) - correct answer.- nervous system laid out first in embryos;
difficult to build around everything else in adults
- difficult to replicate static environment needed for neurons to be generated
- difficult to get cells to go to the repair location (no guide cells)
- migration and differentiation occur simultaneously
- don't integrate well and will eventually die
- if stem cells are poorly activated, a tumor can be created
What is different about mature neurons vs embryonic neurons? - correct answer.- many
cues no longer produced
- cells, especially neurons, are no longer responsive
- guide cells no longer exist
What 7 things occur in the nervous system following an injury? - correct answer.-
terminal degeneration
- Wallerian degeneration
- myelin debris
- macrophage infiltration
- chromatolysis
- retraction of synaptic terminals
- degeneration
ALL HAPPENS SIMULTANEOUSLY
What is Wallerian degeneration? - correct answer.axon distal to injury degenerates
because it is cut off from the cell body
Why is myelin debris created? - correct answer.the part of the axon it is on
degenerated, so it is no longer needed
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