*Please leave a review!* This is a summary about the book Research Methods in Psychology by Beth Morling. It is the 3rd international student edition. The only chapter missing is chapter 9.
This summary only includes basic definitions and explanations, I advise you to practise with exercises and fo...
Dr. Forel studies the influence of gender stereotyping on the math performance of girls. For her study, she first selected 10 Dutch municipalities, and then she selected three high schools in each municipality. Within those schools, she subsequently selected students to participate in her study. Each of the three selections was done randomly.
What sampling method was used here?
A) Cluster sampling
B) Quota sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Convenience sampling
Antwoord: A. Cluster Sampling.
2.
What does the prefix “quasi” in the term quasi-experiment refer to?
A) To not using random sampling
B) To not using a control condition
C) To not using random assignment
D) To not using a between-subjects design
Antwoord: C. To not using random assignment.
3.
What is a characteristic of a wait-list control group design?
A) There is a small number of participants.
B) Only some get treatment immediately, others after a time delay.
C) The researcher takes the treatment away for a while to see if problem behaviour returns.
D) Introduction of an intervention is staggered across a variety of individuals.
Antwoord: B) Only some get treatment immediately, others after a time delay.
4.
What is a Type 1 error?
Antwoord: False positive. There is no association, however it was though it was.
5.
What is a Type 2 error?
Antwoord: False negative. These was no association noted when there actually was one.
6.
What types of claims exist?
Antwoord: Frequency claims, association claims, causal claims.
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Research Methods in
Psychology
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT EDITION – THIRD EDITION
BETH MORLING
,Inhoud
Part I – Introduction to Scientific Reasoning...........................................................................................2
Chapter 1 – Psychology is a way of thinking.......................................................................................2
Chapter 2 – Sources of Information....................................................................................................3
Chapter 3 – Interrogation tools..........................................................................................................3
Part II – Research foundations for any claim..........................................................................................4
Chapter 4 – Ethical guidelines............................................................................................................4
Chapter 5 – Good measurement........................................................................................................5
Part III – Tools for evaluating frequency claims......................................................................................6
Chapter 6 – Surveys and observations................................................................................................6
Chapter 7 – Sampling..........................................................................................................................6
Part IV – Tools for evaluating association claims....................................................................................7
Chapter 8 – Bivariate correlational research......................................................................................7
Part V – Tools for evaluating causal claims.............................................................................................8
Chapter 10 – Introduction to simple experiments..............................................................................8
Chapter 11 – More on experiments....................................................................................................8
Chapter 12 – Experiments with more than one independent variable...............................................9
Part IV – Balancing Research priorities.................................................................................................10
Chapter 13 – Quasi experiments and small n designs......................................................................10
Chapter 14 – Replication, generalization and the real world............................................................11
,Part I – Introduction to Scientific Reasoning
Chapter 1 – Psychology is a way of thinking
Thinking like a scientist involves empirical thinking: basing a conclusion on observations. It’s
not just intuition.
Producer of research: work as a researcher and conduct research.
Consumer of research: reading & applying to work.
You can be both.
Evidence-based treatments: therapies supported by research.
Having good consumer-of-research skills means being able to:
- Evaluate evidence behind claims
- Asking the right questions
- And making correct decisions
Theory-data cycle: scientists collect data to test, change or update their theories. Taking
systematic steps to solve a problem -> (De Groot)
- Ask research questions
- Do specific predictions
- Create a research design
- Form a hypothesis and test it
- Collect data
If the data matches the hypothesis it strengthens it. If it’s non-supporting you may need to
change your theories or improve your research design.
A good scientific theory is:
- Supported by data
- Falsifiable
- Parsimonious: simple. When the data contradicts the theory, it may need to be made
more complex and more detailed.
Theories never prove anything! They just support or contradict a hypothesis.
Scientists evaluate their theories based on the weight of the evidence for and against.
Applied research: practical problem in mind.
Basic research: goal is to enhance general body of knowledge.
Translational research: use of lessons from basic research to develop and test applications.
An initial study is usually followed up by digging deeper with more questions.
Publication is always part of worldwide communication. Journalists are skilled at
transforming scientific studies for the general public – but think critically!
, Chapter 2 – Sources of Information
Sources of information:
- Experience
o Doesn’t have a comparison group
o Might be confounded: alternative explanations
- Intuition
o Biased. Availability heuristic: things that pop up easily tend to guide thinking.
Our attention is drawn to certain instances, leading to overestimation.
o Present/present bias: people often fail to look at absences. Scientists train
themselves to always ask “compared to what?” to avoid p/p bias.
o Confirmation bias: tendency to only look at info that agrees with you.
o Blindspot: we always believe we are less biased than others. Scientific
researchers create special situations to avoid this.
- Authorities
o You can trust authorities when they are supported by valid research.
- Controlled research
o The most accurate
Conclusions based on research are probabilistic. Aim to predict a high proportion.
You can find and read the right research in journal articles.
- Empirical journal articles: results of a study
- Review: summary of all published studies
o Meta-analysis: gives a number that summarizes the magnitude or effect size
- Edited book: contains different chapters on the same subject, written by different
contributors.
- Full length book.
The question you need to ask when reading is “What is the theoretical argument? What is
the evidence- what do the data say?”
Chapter 3 – Interrogation tools
Three claims and four validities. Frequency claims, association claims and causal claims. They
make statements about variables or about relationships between variables.
Variables can be described two ways. Conceptual variables are abstract concepts, such as
“spending time socializing” and “school achievement”. It is sometimes called a construct.
When theoretically defined, they are called conceptual definitions. When researching
scientists create operational variables. It is now turned into something countable.
A claim is an argument someone is trying to make.
- Frequency claims describe a rate or degree of a single variable. How frequent or
common something is. Always measured, not manipulated. To interrogate this, ask
questions about the study’s construct validity, external validity and statistical validity.
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