PSYU2236: Week Five Mechanisms of Extinction || Already Passed.
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PSYU2236:
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PSYU2236:
Extinction Learning correct answers When expected outcome is omitted.
Negative prediction error: I predict something and it does not happen.
We would assume learning disappears - but no, it is learning.
Extinction (classical conditioning) correct answers The weakening of a conditioned response...
PSYU2236: Week Five Mechanisms of Extinction || Already
Passed.
Extinction Learning correct answers When expected outcome is omitted.
Negative prediction error: I predict something and it does not happen.
We would assume learning disappears - but no, it is learning.
Extinction (classical conditioning) correct answers The weakening of a conditioned response as a
result of CS-alone presentations.
Extinction (operant conditioning) correct answers Decreases in the frequency of a behaviour
when the behaviour is no longer reinforced.
Theories of Extinction correct answers Rescorla and Wagner, 1972: Unlearning or erasure of the
CS-US association.
Bouton, 2002: New learning of a second, competing association that inhibits the expression of
original association.
Myers & Davis, 2007 show an extinguished response can be retrieved under certain conditions.
Inhibitory association actually forms and sum of two conflicted associations results in net
decrease in behaviour.
Reinstatement of Classical Conditioning correct answers Presenting US again not with CS to
remind subject of stimulus - sufficient to achieve initial response.
E.g. Rats trained to fear tone from pair with shock - give shock again to remind.
Note: if the reminder session is in different context to test then there will not be reinstatement.
Reinstatement of Operant Conditioning correct answers Primed reinstatement: Reminder of
outcome energises response/outcome association. Given small amount of reinforcer.
E.g. few pellets dropped back into box for rat.
Idea the reinforcer itself acts as a discriminative stimulus, signalling pellets still available for rat.
Real-world: Drug-primed reinstatement - how relapse occurs.
Injection of small amount of drug into rat provides interoceptive signal drug is available.
Susceptible to relapse if small taste of drug/alcohol.
Generalisability: Acquisition v Extinction: Classical Conditioning correct answers Condition rats
in one context and extinction in another.
Extinction is context specific so when removed from extinction context, renewal of CR will
occur.
Acquisition is less context specific and will generalise across contexts.
Generalisability: Acquisition v Extinction: Operant Conditioning correct answers Condition rats
in one context and either extinguish in context A or B. Omission of reinforcer in same contextual
, conditions for 5 days. On 6th day all are put back in initial learning context - either AAA or
ABA groups
Extinction does not generalise across contexts (renewal).
Operant conditioning does not generalise well over different contexts (different to CC - don't
press leaver in new context).
Important for Drug-Seeking: Renewal/Context induced reinstatement
Spontaneous Recovery correct answers Increased tendency overtime to return to original
conditioned response rather than to retrieve extinction association.
Extinction dissipates overtime [e.g. tested 6 days v 1 day after extinction]. Bouton conceptualises
time as a context because if you change the (temporal) context extinction is not generalised so
renewal is more likely to occur.
Cue-induced Reinstatement: Operant Conditioning correct answers Stimuli presented during
reinforced responses form associations with reinforcer. These stimuli can mediate responding
after extinction.
So, even without food reward, when rats see the light they press the leaver.
This cue-induced reinstatement effect increases overtime - seems salience of the cue increases
across course of abstinence (incubation of craving).
Occurs with drug-users - cues gain incentive salience
- Particular advertising cues and bottle shops etc
Stress-induced Reinstatement: Operant Conditioning correct answers Train an animal to leaver
press for drug-reinforcers and then extinguish it and then stress them (e.g. agonists that stimulate
adrenaline system creating stress) increases drug-seeking.
Circuitry of stress-induced reinstatement is different.
Stress shares common neural substrate with many drugs of addiction (activating CRS system can
feed into drug-seeking).
Rapid Reacquisition (savings effect) correct answers After extinction, if you reintroduce
reinforcer - they will pick it up more quickly (context independent).
Resurgence Effect correct answers Original learning is masked by a new response. When
contingencies change, original response is retrieved.
Neural Manipulations that Retrieve CR After Extinction correct answers Note: PFC important
for executive control.
Damage to PFC produces failure in ability of animals to inhibit responses in certain cognitive
tasks.
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