What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - ️️Results demonstrate that AG supplementation provided
a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration
stress. This ergogenic effect was likel...
CISSN Exam Review
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - ✔️✔️Results demonstrate that AG supplementation provided
a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration
stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte
uptake
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? -
✔️✔️Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated
coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged women. Coffee
constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type II diabetes
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ✔️✔️- carnosine (B-alanyl
Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy dependent
reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? - ✔️✔️- a
highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by the gut more
quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain,
increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? - ✔️✔️Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? - ✔️✔️Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (a catabolic
product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
,What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - ✔️✔️- The major
finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation attenuated
the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery from exercise-
induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? - ✔️✔️fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? -
✔️✔️approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance?
- ✔️✔️decrease thermoregulation and performance
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? -
✔️✔️Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - ✔️✔️Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks? -
✔️✔️- Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine metabolism in
human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the clinical and
experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic substance. The
present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body composition,
delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of athletes during
a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? - ✔️✔️a body composition recording device that uses air
displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other? - ✔️✔️-Fat oxidation primarily occurs at
low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
, What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - ✔️✔️-
betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise performance through favorable
lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? - ✔️✔️-increased
oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in enzymes of
metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure? -
✔️✔️resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
✔️✔️short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump, long jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine levels for
28 days? - ✔️✔️A typical creatine supplementation protocol of either a loading phase
of 20 to 25 g CM/d or 0.3 CM/kg/d split into 4 to 5 daily intakes of 5 grams each have
been recommended to quickly saturate creatine stores in the skeletal muscle. However,
a more moderate protocol where several smaller doses of creatine are ingested along
the day (20 intakes of 1 g every 30 min) could be a better approach to et a maximal
saturation of the intramuscular creatine store. In order to keep the maximal saturation of
body creatine, the loading phase must be followed by a maintenance period of 3-5 g
CM/d or 0.03 g CM/kg/d
What role do vitamins play in metabolism? - ✔️✔️Vitamins are the building
blocks/precursors to cell parts and enzymes involved in substrate metabolism
Where does most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation come from? - ✔️✔️from the
energy in the chemical bonds of the food we ingest
What does pre-exercise ingestion of glycerol do? - ✔️✔️-hyperhydration or water
retention
-plasma volume INCREASES
-exercising HR is reduced
-improved performance time
What is the glycose-alanine cycle? - ✔️✔️during exercise, pyruvate is formed from the
breakdown of glycogen and glucose. Within the muscle BCAA's donate their amino
group to pyruvate to form alanine. Alanine is transported to the liver where it is used to
regenerate glucose. Glucose can then be transported back to skeletal muscle to be
used for energy. Thus, BCAA's (especially leucine) help reform glucose during fasting
and prolonged exercise.
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