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BCH exam 2 Study Guide with Complete Solutions Properties of waxes - Answer-low melting points, stable solids, appear in both plants and animals in nature a wax coat protects the surface of many plant leaves from water loss and attack from microorganisms What defines a carbohydrate? - Answer-...

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EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER
©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024

BCH exam 2 Study Guide with Complete
Solutions

Properties of waxes - Answer✔✔-low melting points, stable solids, appear in both

plants and animals in nature

a wax coat protects the surface of many plant leaves from water loss and attack from

microorganisms

What defines a carbohydrate? - Answer✔✔-aldehydes & ketones with many OH

groups, or substances that form these when hydrolyzed

Where do carbohydrates come from? - Answer✔✔-primary products of

photosynthesis- extracts carbon from atmosphere and creates carbs out of that carbon

How are monosaccharides names - Answer✔✔-1. Based off Aldose or Ketose



2. Based off # of Carbons

What is the simplest aldiose and the simplest ketone - Answer✔✔-aldose:

glyceraldehyde

Ketose: dihydroxylacetone

What is the structure of Glucose - Answer✔✔-aldohexose

What is the structure of Galactose - Answer✔✔-aldohexose

What is the structure of Mannose - Answer✔✔-aldohexose



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What is the structure of Fructose - Answer✔✔-ketohexose

What is the structure of Sucrose - Answer✔✔-glucose a(1-2) fructose

What is the structure of Ribose - Answer✔✔-an aldopentose

Define the D & L stereochemistry of carbohydrates & how it is determined -

Answer✔✔-based off glyceraldehyde, CH2OH down in fisher projection

- look at side of -OH group



-OH on right: D- configuration

-OH on left L- configuration



*** OH of highest number Carbon

What is an enantiomers - Answer✔✔-nonsuperimposable mirror images

D & L configurations

How many stereoisomers can a molecule have? - Answer✔✔-2^n where n = # chiral

centers

What is a diastereomer? - Answer✔✔-don't differ at ALL chiral carbons, therefore not

mirror images



different physical and chemical properties

What is an epimer? Provide an example - Answer✔✔-2 sugars that differ only in the

configuration around 1 carbon


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©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024



galactose and mannose are epimers of glucose



alpha-D glucose has 3 epimers: B-D-glucose, a-D-mannose, and a-D-galactose

What are 2 most common, of the 4, D-aldopentoses



What are the 2 D-aldothreoses - Answer✔✔-D-aldopentoses:

1. D-ribose

2. D-xylose



What are the 2 D-aldothreoses:

1. D-erythrose

2. D-threose

What defines a disaccharide (upon a hydrolysis run)? - Answer✔✔-forms 2

monosaccharides when hydrolyzed

What defines a polysaccharide? - Answer✔✔-forms many monosaccharides when

hydrolyzed

What is a hemiacetal and a hemiketal? - Answer✔✔-

What kind of sugars can form rings? What are they called? - Answer✔✔-5- 6-, and 7-

carbon sugars



Pyranose: 5 members

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Furanose: 6 members

How are cyclic monosaccharides formed? What arises upon formation? - Answer✔✔-

the -OH group on a hexose will attack C-1 to form a ring

* the C-1 is the "ball" in the ball and stick models



when the ring is formed, a new asymmetric carbon is introduced into the molecule

How does fructose form a 5 membered ring and a 6 membered ring? - Answer✔✔-6

membered pyranose ring: run C2 keto group with the OH on C1



5 membered ring by reaction of C2 keto group with OH on C1

What do alpha and beta mean/why are they used? What are these structures called? -

Answer✔✔-alpha & beta decribe the orientation of the OH group on C1 in a cyclic

sugar. These classifications are used because a new stereocenter arises when the

cyclic structure is formed



the Alpha and Beta forms of a cyclic sugar are ANOMERS- they differ in

stereochemistry around the ring-forming carbon



since alpha and beta differ in one one chiral center, anomers can also be considered

epimers



For L sugars:

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