Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? - correct answer. Neutrophils are
short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-
lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste
General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -
correct answer. Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-
inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating
leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue
Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? - correct
answer. Mast cell
Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -
correct answer. Adhesion molecules
E-Selectin - correct answer. An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating
leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction)
E-Selectin Ligand - correct answer. A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that
helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response
ICAM-1 - correct answer. An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind
to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction)
, Integrins (and the name of a specific one) - correct answer. A class of adhesion
molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity
interaction during the innate inflammatory response
Stable Arrest - correct answer. When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within
the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue
Pus - correct answer. Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an
inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils)
Psoriasis overview - correct answer. Autoimmune disease that can cause skin
plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin
and initiating an inflammatory response
Psoriasis risk factors - correct answer. History of strep infections, skin injury, first
degree relative with psoriasis
TNF-alpha in psoriasis - correct answer. A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in
psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells
to produce thickened/raised patches
Psoriasis treatment (biologics) - correct answer. Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine
TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial
cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells
Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules - correct answer.
Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue
Most abundant leukocyte - correct answer. Neutrophils
What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? - correct answer.
Extracellular bacterial infections
Plasmacytoid dendritic cell - correct answer. A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses
and releases type 1 interferons
Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing
them - correct answer. Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral
infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
The Antiviral State - correct answer. Protective state that cells enter in response to
Type I Interferons; proteins that can bind to viral double-stranded RNA are produced,
infected cells will die, RNAse activity is induced
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