Alle hoofdstukken horen samen voor een samenvatting van het hele vak marketing gegeven door professor Nathalie Dens in het 1ste jaar van de bachelors HI(B), tew en sew
Business to business marketing
= marketing to (people in) the business market
=> companies, governments or not-for-profit organisations
= value exchange between organisations anywhere in the value chain
=> manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers/resellers, service providers, ngo’s, government
Characteristics business markets
= enormous, more money/items than consumer markets
- Nature of demand
o Derived demand
Ex. Invista sells fibre to those who sell fabric to those who sell garments to end
consumers => derived from consumers
o Volatility of demand
= demand is variable because consumer preferences/behavior fluctuate
o Inelastic
manufacturers do not want to led their customers down or are tied into fixed-price
contracts
- Buying processes
more formal/complex
o DMU
= decision making unit
= group of people involved in organisational purchasing processes
- International dimensions
easier to conduct internationally, the needs of businesses are more similar to one another
than needs of consumers
- Buyer-seller relationships
important, few players, larger value, reciprocal relationships = core element
o Technical support
joint R&D, after sales service, training,…
o Expertise
consultancy, dual selling (= customer’s sales force is supplemented by supplier),…
o Financial support
financing options, cooperative promotions, reciprocal buying,…
o Service levels
reliability, speedy or JIT delivery, automated reordering systems,…
o Risk reduction
demonstrations, guarantees, warranties, preventive maintenance, proactivity,...
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, Marketing Nathalie Dens
Types of B2B customers, goods, services
- Organisational customers
o Commercial
Distributors, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), wholesalers, retailers, …
o Government
Health, policing, education, transport, environmental protection, national defense
and security, …
o Institutions
Not-for-profit organizations (churches, charities), community based organizations
(housing associations), government related organizations (hospitals, schools)
- Business goods/service
o Input goods
= have been subjected to different levels of processing => lose their individual
identities and become part of the finished item
raw materials, semi-manufactured parts, finished goods
o Equipment goods
= necessary for manufacturing/operations, cannot be identified in finished product
= capital/investment goods
land, buildings, computer systems, machine tools
o Supply goods
= necessary to keep production/organisation running
= ‘consumables’, maintenance, repair, operating materials (MRO)
Lubricants, paints, screws, cleaning materials, computer, IT servicing
Outsourcing:
hiring outside a company to perform services/create goods that were traditionally performed in-
house by the company’s own employees and staff
Organisational buying behavior
= decision making process by which formal organisations establish the need for purchased products
and services and identify, evaluate and choose among alternative brands and suppliers
- Processes of decision making units
o Straight rebuy
= purchasing department reorders on a routine basis without making adjustments
Office supplies, utilities, …
o Modified rebuy:
= requirement is not new, but is different from previous situations
Adjustments to solution, negotiation on price levels, alternative delivery, …
More information needed, more participants involved
o New task
= new purchase
Higher cost/risk: more participants, more efforts
Greatest opportunity and challenge for marketers
Reach key figures in DMU + provide help and information
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