Samenvatting
Summary An Introduction to Brain and Behavior - Brain and Behavior (500185-B-6)
- Instelling
- Tilburg University (UVT)
In depth summary of book and lecture on Brain and Behavior course. Passed class with 8.5.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 33 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 33 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Brain and Behavior Exam PrepIntroduction
Brain and behavior
Brain = organ made of nervous tissue (neurons and glial cells)
Behavior = any observable action or reaction in response to external or internal stimuli → observable and
measurable
● Most behavior = nature (inherited) + nurture (learned)
○ Varied between species
In general, the more complex a species nervous system is, the more its behavior is learned
Perspectives on brain and behavior
● What is the relationship between the brain and behavior?
○ Descartes: Dualism = mind and body are distinct and separable, but work together
■ However: Mind-body problem
○ Aristotle: Mentalism = a non materialistic psyche solely responsible for behavior, brain is
not important
○ Darwin: Materialism = rational behavior can be fully explained by the functioning of the
brain and the nervous system
Evolution of the human brain
Darwin’s theory of evolution: Natural selection =
1. Variation
2. Heritability
3. Struggle for existence
4. Survival and reproductive rates
Phylogenetic development = development of higher species from lower ones
Ontogenetic development = development of the individual human from sperm and egg cell
● Classification of life: taxonomy = science of classification
● How this can be presented: cladogram = shows us groups or related organisms as branches on a
tree
History of humankind
● Important: humans do not descend from chimpanzees
○ Common ancestor → same family: hominidae
○ 1% DNA difference
The human brain
● Encephalization quotient (EQ) = actual/expected brain weight (relative to body weight)
● In human evolution: tripled in 4 million years
○ Australopithecus EQ = 2.5
○ Homo sapiens EQ = 7.0
→ Larger brain DOES NOT EQUAL better brain within species, # of connections between
brain cells more important
How did the human brain get so big?
1. Dramatic climate changes → require adaptation
2. Lifestyle changes → require more complex behavior
a. Large social groups
b. Fruit seeking
c. Tool use
3. Brain cooling
, a. Radiator hypothesis: the human brain became a lot larger because the cooling system
has been improved by better blood circulation
4. Neoteny = aging is slowed down and an adult retains the characteristics of a child
a. Permits repeated, sloe and enhanced learning opportunities
Brain anatomy and physiology
Nervous system organization
NS Basics
Behavior → function:
1. Perception
2. Integration of information
3. Action
Plasticity
● Phenotypic plasticity: ability of organisms to produce distinct phenotypes in response to
environmental variation
● Neuroplasticity: ability of NS to undergo physical or
chemical change to…
○ Improve its adaptability to environmental changes
○ Compensate for damage
NS Organization
● Anatomical organization: how the different systems are
structured
● Functional organization: how the different systems work
together
Orientation systems
Describing locations in the brain
● Orientation systems based on frames of reference
○ Relative to human face: brain-body
■ Frame of references: human face
● Dorsal ←→ Ventral = Up ←→ Down
○ Vents are down
■ Ventral (4)
■ Dorsal (3)
● Anterior ←→ Posterior = Front ←→ Back
○ A = front of the face
● Medial ←→ Lateral = In ←→ out
■ Medial (2)
■ Lateral (1)
○ Relative to other parts of the body: spatial
■ Frame of reference = other body parts + body
orientation
● Rostral = Anterior ←→ Caudal =
Posterior
● Superior = Dorsal ←→ Inferior = Ventral
○ Relative to an observer: anatomic
■ Frame of reference = observer
, ■ Indicates the direction of a cut/section through the brain from the perspective of
a viewer
1. Coronal section
a. Coronal cut is like you put on a crown
2. Horizontal section
a. “Cut” on forehead
3. Sagittal section
a. Look at the middle (sagittarius)
Other useful terms when navigating the brain
● Unilateral = structures on one side of the body
● Bilateral = structures on both sides of the body
● Ipsilateral = structures on the same size of the body (left arm and left
leg)
● Contralateral = structures on opposite sides of the body
● Proximal = structures close to each other
● Distal = structures far from each other
1. Superior (Brain - dorsal)
2. Inferior (brain - ventral)
3. Anterior (spinal cord - ventral)
4. Posterior (spinal cord - dorsal)
5. Medial
6. Lateral
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
3. Dorsal/superior
4. Ventral/inferior
5. Superior
6. Inferior
7. Ventral/anterior
8. Dorsal/posterior
1. Horizontal
2. Coronal
3. Sagittal
, Brain structure and function
Brain protection
● Meninges = 3-part membrane protecting the
CNS → from outer to inner
1. Dura mater = “hard mother,” outer shell
2. Arachnoid layer = middle layer
a. Subarachnoid space = space
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) for cushioning
3. Pia mater = “soft mother,” inner shell
● Possible infections
○ Meningitis = infection of meninges →
stiff neck, head retraction
○ Encephalitis = infection of brain tissue → convulsions, sleep disturbances
Blood supply in the brain
● Surface of the brain is full of blood vessels because of its high oxygen requirements
● What can go wrong:
○ Stroke = sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely interrupted
blood flow
1. Ischemic = blood vessel is blocked by a clot
2. Hemorrhagic = blood vessel bursts
Cerebral cortex
● Cerebral cortex = outer layer of the cerebrum
● Composed of folded gray matter
1. Gyrus = ridge
2. Sulcus = groove
a. Fissure = deep sulcus
● Lobes = subdivision of an organ rounded and
surrounded by distinct structural boundaries
○ Frontal
○ Parietal
○ Temporal
○ Occipital
● General trend: higher structure → more
complex and integrated function
Inside the brain
● Gray matter
○ Composition: nerve cells
○ Function: collect and modify info
○ Color: capillaries → pink/brown
● White matter
○ Composition: nerve fibers
○ Function: connect brain cells
○ Color: fatty insulation → white
○ Prominent structure: corpus callosum
● Ventricular system = production and circulation of CSF
○ Functions
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper majovelezhenao. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,36. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 85443 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen