PSC 100Y UNIT 4 EXAM Certified Questions And Answers Verified Solutions.
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Imagine that a researcher conducts a study to compare rote memorization with elaborative encoding. The researcher selects 16 students at random from a class of 200 students, and then randomly assigns 8 to the rote memorization condition and 8 to the elaborative encoding condition. Just by chance, 7...
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study to compare rote memorization with elaborative encoding.
The researcher selects 16 students at random from a class of 200 students, and then randomly assigns 8
to the rote memorization condition and 8 to the elaborative encoding condition. Just by chance, 7 of the
8 rote memorization subjects have poor preexisting memory abilities and 7 of the 8 elaborative
encoding subjects have good preexisting memory abilities. This is an example of: - correct answer
Sampling Error
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study with a factorial design that compares rote memorization
with elaborative encoding in college students (18-22 year olds) and 5-year olds. One factor is learning
strategy and the other is age. Eight college students and eight 5-year olds are randomly selected from a
school of several hundred students. Each subject studies one set of words using rote memorization and
another set of words using elaborative encoding. In this study: - correct answer
Learning strategy is a within-participants factor and age is a between-participants factor
A researcher randomly divides a group of high school students into Group A and Group B. Group A is
told to study a little bit every day instead of cramming right before they take tests. They are told that
they will earn $5 for each A they get at the end of the year. Group B is told to do all of their studying the
day before the test. They are not told that they will earn any money for getting As. The purpose of the
study is to see whether Group A has a higher grade point average at the end of the year than Group B.
This study has a confound because: - correct answer Two different factors (study
instructions and monetary rewards) differ between Group A and Group B
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study with a factorial design that compares rote memorization
with elaborative encoding in college students (18-22 year olds) and 5-year olds. One factor is learning
strategy and the other is age. Eight college students and eight 5-year olds are randomly selected from a
school of several hundred students. Each subject studies one set of words using rote memorization and
another set of words using elaborative encoding. The researcher finds that memory performance is
better with elaborative encoding than with rote memorization, leading to a significant main effect of
learning strategy. The main effect of age is not significant, nor is the interaction between age and
learning strategy. From these results, the researcher concludes that college students and 5-year olds
have equivalent memory abilities. What is wrong with this conclusion? - correct answer
This is an example of drawing a strong conclusion from the lack of a significant effect
Visual working memory capacity (as measured by the change detection task) is correlated with overal
cognitive ability (as measured with the MATRICS battery). This may indicate that having more working
, memory capacity causes people to have better cognitive abilities. However, a valid criticism of this
conclusion is that (select the two correct answerse to get the question correct): - correct answer
1.) The direction of causation might be the other way around, with greater cognitive ability allowing
people to figure out more optimal ways to perform the change detection task
2.)The correlation may be occuring because both are causually influenced by some other factor, without
any direct causal relationship between working memory capacity and cognitive ability
What is the difference between sampling error and sampling bias? (Select the two correct answerse to
get the question correct) - correct answer 1.) Sampling error is random, but
sampling bias is systematic
2.) Sampling bias is present in virtually every study in psychology, but sampling error is not present in
most well-designed studies
Imagine that a researcher conducts a study to compare rote memorization with elaborative encoding.
The researcher selects 16 students at random from a class of 200 students, and then randomly assigns 8
to the rote memorization condition and 8 to the elaborative encoding condition. Just by chance, 7 of the
8 rote memorization subjects are women and 7 of the 8 elaborative encoding subjects are men. Is there
something wrong with the design of this study? - correct answer Nothing is wrong
with the design of the study. By chance, two samples might differ from each other in various ways, but
the likelihood of a false positive is still only 5%.
In the study described in the previous question, random assignment was used. Is the fact that 7 of the 8
rote memorization subjects were women and 7 of the 8 elaborative encoding subjects were men a
confound in the design of the study? - correct answer No, because the difference in
gender was the result of random sampling and was not systematic
High levels of stress lead to the release of the hormone cortisol, and a researcher therefore
hypothesizes that stress will lead to poor memory performance. The researcher gives 100 people a
stress questionnaire and then selects the 20 people with the highest stress levels and the 20 people with
the lowest stress levels. The researcher then gives these 40 people a memory test and finds that the
high-stress group performs worse than the low-stress group. The researcher then concludes that high
levels of cortisol lead to impaired memory. Which of the following would be considered an "alternative
explanation" of these results? - correct answer People who are experience high
stress are more distractible than people who are experiencing low stress, and this difference in
distractibility might explain the difference in memory performance rather than a difference in cortisol
To follow up on the cortisol study described in the previous question, the researcher recruits 100 people
at random from the students at UC Davis and given them a memory test. Shortly after the memory test,
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