Stereotypes - answer-beliefs about the attributes of a group of people
-we do this because its easy (shortcut)
-resistant to change (confirmation bias, used to justify behavior)
-the cognitive component
Subtyping - answer-we create a category for exceptions to a stereotype
Prejudice - ans...
PSYC 140 MIDTERM MODULE 3
Stereotypes - answer-beliefs about the attributes of a group of people
-we do this because its easy (shortcut)
-resistant to change (confirmation bias, used to justify behavior)
-the cognitive component
Subtyping - answer-we create a category for exceptions to a stereotype
Prejudice - answer-an unjustified negative attitude toward a distinguishable group of people, based
solely on their membership in that group
-the affective component
-not always explicitly negative - benevolent sexism
Discrimination - answer-unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
-the behavioral component
Racism - answer-an individuals prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a
given race
-also institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
-similar definitions for sexism
Modern racism - answer-a more subtle form of racism; more socially acceptable
Characteristics of modern racism - answer--believe it is wrong to be prejudiced
-believe racism no longer exists
-believe that certain groups have been pushing too hard for equal rights
-believe that the government has given certain groups too much preferential treatment
Realistic group conflict - answer-prejudice and discrimination are likely to arise when groups compete
for limited resources
-an economic explanation for prejudice and discrimination
Examples of realistic group conflict - answer-working class Americans showed most anti-Black prejudice
following the civil rights movement (competition for jobs)
Israelis and Palestinians (competition for land)
Socialization - answer-direct obsersvation of others
Faceism - answer-In print media, 2/3 of the average male photo was devoted to the face; less than half
of female ads were devoted to the face.
In-group bias - answer-tendency to favor one's group
In-group - answer-"us"-a group who shares a sense of belonging and feeling of common identity
(e.g. UCR students, Californians)
, Out-group - answer-"Them" - a group perceived as distinctively different or apart from the in-group
(e.g. USC students, Southerners)
Minimal group paradigm (Tajfel) - answer-create groups that have no social reality (randomly place
people in groups)
Klee and Kindinsky study - answer-students were asked which abstract painting they preferred and then
asked to allocate money to other participants
(only information given was painting preference)
showed in-group bias and gave more money to those who liked the same painting they did
Standford prison study - answer--randomly assigned participants to be either prisoners or guards
-intended to run for 2 weeks, closed down after 6 days
-"Guards" became sadistic, "prisoners" became depressed, showed signs of extreme stress
Out-group homogeneity effect - answer-perception of out-group members as being more similar to one
another than in-group members
-Own-race bias: better at recognizing people from own-race
-Line-up studies: worse when looking for a person that is from different race/ethnic group
Just-world beliefs - answer-belief that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
- Carli and colleagues date scenario study
Carli and colleagues date scenario study - answer-Researchers gave two groups of subjects a narrative
about interactions between a man and a woman. The description of the interaction was the same until
the end; one group received a narrative that had a neutral ending and the other group received a
narrative that ended with the man raping the woman. Subjects judged the rape ending as inevitable and
blamed the woman in the narrative for the rape on the basis of her behavior, but not her characteristics.
Sociofunctional approach to prejudice - answer-the consequences of prejudice vary depending on
reactions to the group
-emotional reactions to certain groups predict specific prejudice and discrimination behaviors
Anger->aggression
Fear->escape
Guilt->reconciliation
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
White P's behavior when Black applicant (RA) - answer-sat further away, ended interview sooner, more
speech errors by interviewer (uncomfortable)
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Word, Zanna, & Cooper (1974): Interview Study
Findings when RA's conduct interview White style Black style - answer-applicants perform objectively
worse when "Black" interview style
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