CHYS 2P52 Final Exam || with 100% Verified Solutions.
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Methods of acquiring knowledge correct answers ways in which a person can know things or discover answers to questions
method of tenacity correct answers information is accepted as true because it has always been believed or because superstition supports it
method of intuition correct answers...
CHYS 2P52 Final Exam || with 100% Verified Solutions.
Methods of acquiring knowledge correct answers ways in which a person can know things or
discover answers to questions
method of tenacity correct answers information is accepted as true because it has always been
believed or because superstition supports it
method of intuition correct answers information is accepted on the basis of a hunch or "gut
feeling"
method of authority correct answers person relies on information or answers from an expert in
the subject area
method of faith correct answers variant of the method of authority in which people have
unquestioning trust in authority figure, and, therefore, accept information from the authority
without doubt or challenge
rational method/rationalism correct answers seeks answers by the use of logical reasoning
the scientific method correct answers · approach to acquiring knowledge that involves
formulating specific questions and then systematically finding answers
steps of the quantitative scientific method correct answers o Observe behaviour or other
phenomena
o Form a tentative answer or explanation (hypothesis)
o Use your hypothesis to generate a testable prediction (rational step)
o Evaluate the prediction by making a systematic, planned observations (empirical step)
o Use the observations to support, refute, or refine the original hypothesis
what makes a good hypothesis? correct answers o Logical
o Testable
o Refutable (must be able to show you are wrong)
o Positive
o All variables, events, and individuals can be defined and observed
validity correct answers the degree to which the measurement process measures the variable that
it claims to measure
face validity correct answers simplest and least scientific definition of validity; concerns the
superficial appearance, or face value, of a measurement procedure
concurrent validity correct answers demonstrated when scores obtained from a new measure are
directly related to scores obtained from an established measure of the same variable
,`predictive validity correct answers demonstrated when scores obtained from a measure
accurately predict behaviour according to a theory
construct validity correct answers requires that the sources obtained from a measurement
procedure behave exactly the same as the variable itself. Based on many research studies that use
the same measurement procedure and grows gradually as each new study contributes more
evidence
convergent validity correct answers demonstrated by a strong relationship between the scores
obtained from two (or more) different methods of measuring the same construct
divergent validity correct answers demonstrated by showing little or no relationship between the
measurements of two different constructs
reliability correct answers stability or consistency of the measurement
test-retest reliability correct answers established by comparing the scores obtained from two
successive measurements of the same individuals and calculating a correlation between the two
sets of scores
parallel-forms reliability correct answers alternative versions of the measuring instruments are
used for the two measurements
inter-rater reliability correct answers degree of agreement between two observers who
simultaneously record measurements of the behaviours
split-half reliability correct answers obtained by splitting the items on a questionnaire or test in
half, computing a separate score for each half, and then calculating the degree of consistency
between the two scores for a group of participants
scales of measurement correct answers set of categories individuals are classified in
nominal scale correct answers represent qualitative differences in the variable measured. Do not
have a natural order or ranking (ex. Genotype, blood type, zip code, gender, race, eye colour,
political party)
ordinal scale correct answers have different names and are organized in an ordered series. Order
matters but not the difference between values (ex. SES, education level, income level,
satisfaction rating)
interval scale correct answers organized sequentially, and all categories are the same size
order and the difference between two values is meaningful (ex. Temperature, pH, SAT score,
credit score)
, ratio scales correct answers has same properties of interval and a clear definition of 0.0. When
variable equals 0.0, there is none of that variable (enzyme activity, dose amount, reaction rate,
flow rate, concentration, pulse, weight, survival time, temperature in kelvin)
premise statements correct answers describe facts or assumptions that are assumed to be true
argument correct answers a set of premise statements that are logically combined to yield a
conclusion
variables correct answers characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for
different individuals
abstract correct answers brief summary of the publication, usually about 100 words
testable hypothesis correct answers all variables, events, and individuals can be defined and
observed
refutable hypothesis correct answers one that can be demonstrated to be false and possible the
outcome is different from the prediction
artifacts correct answers non-natural features accidentally introduced into something being
observed
self-report measure correct answers most direct way to assess a construct. Each individual is in a
unique position of self-knowledge and self-awareness
psychological measures correct answers involve brain imaging techniques such as positron
emission tomography (PET) scanning and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
behavioural measures correct answers provide researchers with a vast number of options, making
it possible to select the behaviours that seem to be best for defining and measuring the construct
ceiling effect correct answers clustering of scores at the high end of a measurement scale,
allowing little or no possibility of increases in value
range effect correct answers measurement procedure is insensitive to changes that may occur in
one direction
floor effect correct answers clustering of scores at the low end of a measurement scale, allowing
little or no possibility of decreases in value
experimenter bias correct answers experimenter manipulates participant motivation which can
distort the results
demand characteristics correct answers any of the potential cues or features of a study that
§ Suggest to the participants what the purpose and the hypothesis is
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