PSYCH 1200 Exam 1 || with 100% Correct Answers.
Why are we so vulnerable to believing untruths? correct answers It's because we are living in a
post truth world which describes a modern culture where peoples emotions and personal beliefs
tend to over-ride their acceptance of objective facts. (Also known as truth decay)
How are truths cultivated in our society? correct answers Through false news, repetition,
powerful examples, group identity and echo chambers.
How are echo chambers formed? correct answers Typically on social media, people discuss
polarizing issues such as climate change or politics only with others who have very similar
views. Researchers who study these topics tend to rely upon social network analysis techniques
to map interactions or conversations online, or in person. The term social network entered
everyday language with the advent of the internet, as a result, most people will connect the term
with the internet and social media platforms but it has a much broader application for instance at
the individual level people form relationships. become enemies and help each other by passing
useful information onto one another, giving rides to each other, and fixing cars. Also providing
emotional support, in the work context co-workers collaborate, collude or backstab, and at the
university students form study groups or social clubs. A social network consists of a set of nodes
connected via some type of relationship which is also called edges. The node usually represents a
individual. A social network thus has nodes that are individuals and edges that represent some
form of social interaction. The relations between nodes can be multi-dimensional and can include
a wide array of different relationship types.
What are the three fundamental flaws in common sense thinking? correct answers 1) Hindsight
Bias 2) Overconfidence 3) Perceiving patterns in random events
hindsight bias correct answers the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that we could
have predicted it all along (known as they knew it all along phenomenon)
over confidence correct answers is when people tend to think they know more than they do. It
occurs in academia as well in social situations.
Perceiving patterns in random events correct answers People tend to perceive patterns to make
sense in the world, people often find order in random events or unrelated data because random
sequences often do not look so random to us.
What is the other term for hindsight bias? correct answers the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon
An example of social network analysis correct answers what you see is a bunch of nodes that
signify a user on twitter and then you see the strings in between each node and those represent a
type of conversation over twitter. On social media, in this context people discuss contentious
issues such as gun control, same sex marriages with only like minded people. This graph of
politically charged twitter activity, each node represents that user in twitter who sends a message.
Each line or edge indicates when a user re-tweets another users post. As we can see here, users
,overwhelmingly sends message to and re-tweet messages from those who share the same
ideologies. Whether that is blue for Liberal or red for conservative ideologies.
What do the tight interconnected clusters represent in a social network analysis correct answers
The tightly interconnected clusters represent reciprocal conversations within the blue group and
then the red group. Very few exchanges between the different groups are indicated in the middle
of the two distinct groups.
what can we do to override the post-truth world? correct answers well we can embrace the
scientific method
What is a of post-truth world example? correct answers conspiracy theories thrive in the new age
of post-truth, often with dangerous consequences. In march 2016 the personal email accounts of
John Podesta, Hilary Clinton's campaign chair was hacked. Wiki leaks published the emails in
November 2016 and then rolls out this conspiracy theory of pizza gate which alleged that several
high-ranking democratic party officials and US restaurants were involved in human trafficking
and a child sex ring. Allegedly this was involved with a pizzeria in Washington DC called Comet
Ping Pong Pizzeria. Even though this pizza gate theory has been debunked at several different
times even through the Washington DC police who have discredited this widely. This
information still persuaded an individual Edgar Welch from North Carolina he's 28 years old to
go and investigate the comet ping pong pizzeria restaurant. So he took an assaulted Riffe and
started to fire shots into the restaurant. So this story shows even after something has been
comprehensively been debunked that information can still lead to something as dangerous as
this.
The scientific Method correct answers The scientific method is the process of testing ideas about
the world, you need to set up situations that are ideas and if the data does not fit our ideas or
projections, then our ideas are modified and then tested again. What we do is make careful and
organized observations and we also want to analyze whether the data that were gathering fit with
our ideas.
-Scientific method is the process of testing ideas about the world
-Making careful, organized observations
-Analyzing whether the data fit with our ideas
Theory correct answers explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes
observations and predicts behaviors or events
Hypothesis correct answers testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Operationalization correct answers carefully worded statements of the exact procedures
(operations) used in a research study
Replication correct answers repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different
participants in different situations
,Good theory correct answers theory effectively organizes self-reports and observations. Leads to
a clear prediction that anyone can use to check the theory and often stimulates research that leads
to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know. This may be replicated and
supported by similar findings.
The interpersonal Theory of Suicide (ITS) correct answers the ITS predicts that suicidal desire
emerges when individuals experience unyielding feelings of perceived burdensomeness
(example: "I am a burden on my family or friends") and thwarted belongingness (example: "I am
alone")
-perceived burdensomeness means: you feel like your a burden on your family or friends.
-thwarted belongingness means: that you feel that you are alone.
(this interpersonal theory of suicide)
For interpersonal suicide, how would you operationalize this? correct answers typically people
who do this kind of research, use the interpersonal needs questionnaire as way to measure and
define both thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB). But what does
this look like? So this would include survey items such as asking people to rate from 1-7 whether
this was true for them or not. If the people in their lives would be happier without them or I
rarely interact with people who care about me. 1 (not at all for me) to 7 (very true for me). These
are items that would tap into perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. These
details are essential and helpful for replication.
A(n) __________ explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize observation.
a) Hypothesis
b) Operational definition
c) Theory
d) Replication correct answers C. Theory
How do we test our hypothesis or predictions? correct answers There are various ways we can
test our hypothesis and refine our theories through descriptive, correlational, or experimentation
methods. Descriptive methods describe behavior, often by using case studies, surveys and
naturalistic observations. Correlation methods associate different factors. Experimental methods
manipulate or vary factors to discover their effects.
What is descriptive research? correct answers is a systematic, objective observation of people.
It's goal is to provide a clear, accurate picture of people's behaviors, thoughts, and attributes
What are the three different types of description methods? correct answers Case study,
Naturalistic observation, and surveys and interviews.
Case study correct answers examines one individual in-depth and provides fruitful ideas,
however, the case study cannot be used to generalize conclusions about broader concepts.
, naturalistic observation correct answers this method uses observation or recorded behavior in a
natural environment and describes that behavior but does not explain the behavior but it can be
very revealing.
survey and interviews correct answers examine many cases in less depth but there is also a
wording effect.
What is a case study and an example of one? correct answers A case study is all about
conducting a thorough examination of one or a few cases on many dimensions. Therefore it is an
in-depth investigation of a case rather than just simply describing the case. It involves observing
and reconstructing the case history of a single participant or an event of interest. It facilitates a
researcher to study the phenomenon of interest in detail more often documents are civil. records,
medical, or school records or personal interviews, direct observation, physical evidence, and
psychometric assessments are used as data in case studies. In psychological research, case
studies are more often used in clinical research to answer "How" or "Why" questions. Such
studies are conducted to study an individual or event. It may include qualitative as well as
quantitate as well as quantitative components. So looking at quantity or quality and this method
is not meant to establish cause and effect or to be generalizable. The advantage of case studies is
that it provides detailed information using flexible data collection techniques, and can be
conducted in almost any social environment, it involves very rich and detailed data and is often
inexpensive. Case studies enable researchers to investigate cases that are otherwise not possible
in a lab. Case studies have certain limitations as well and one could look at the fact the results
from a case study can't be generalized to the wider population. Researchers' biases are also
another disadvantage associated with case studies. Cases are difficult to replicate in many cases
such as Phineas Gage's example and therefore again those conclusions cannot be generalized.
Since case studies require in-depth investigation, in some cases this can be very time-consuming.
Phineas Gage correct answers he is referred to as one of the most famous patients in
neuroscience. He experienced a traumatic brain injury when an iron rod was driven through his
entire skull. Which destroyed much of his frontal lobe. Gage's accident and subsequent
experiences serve as a historical example of how case studies can be used to look at unique
situations that cannot be replicated in a lab.
What is naturalistic observations correct answers Naturalistic observation is a research method
commonly by psychologists and other social scientist. This involves observing or studying
spontaneous behavior participants in the natural surrounding. So it includes a snapshot or their
everyday life. However their are some strengths as well as limitations to this methodology. Some
strengths are the ability to observe the flow of behavior in a natural setting and it's also great for
generating new ideas. The limitations include people usually have the limitation to these studies
signify that they are often less reliable because you cannot control everything the environment,
so it makes it difficult to disphere for what exactly is going on in the situation. Also the
researchers needs to be really trained in recognizing what aspects of the situation correspond or
are psychologically significant and worthy of attention. In addition, with these types of
observations and because we cannot control various variables in the environment means that it's
not good for disphereing cause and effect relationships so that cannot be established. Also a lot f
the times, people think that naturalistic observations are very micro or small-scale however
