Psych 202 Prep Exam Questions With Complete Verified Solutions.
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Psych 202
What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? What does it tell us about the prevalence of cooperation? - Answer Prisoner's Dilemma: Game Theory model for understanding competition and cooperation
Models why cooperation can be rare
Influence of trust
Tit-for-tat an effective strategy
What is th...
Psych 202 Prep Exam Questions With
Complete Verified Solutions.
What is the Prisoner's Dilemma? What does it tell us about the prevalence of cooperation? - Answer
Prisoner's Dilemma: Game Theory model for understanding competition and cooperation
Models why cooperation can be rare
Influence of trust
Tit-for-tat an effective strategy
What is the tit-for-tat strategy? - Answer Whatever your opponent did last turn, you do this time
What is altruism? Why is its existence hard to explain, in terms of evolutionary theory? - Answer
Altruism: Behavior toward another person that benefits other, at potential cost to self
Evolutionary theory: Promote your own genes; operates on selfishness
What are the 3 explanations for altruism? Be able to provide examples for each explanation. - Answer
1) Selfishness: Helping actually benefits yourself
2) Inclusive fitness: Help relatives
3) Reciprocal altruism: Help others in return for future help for yourself
Evidence for selfishness hypothesis:
- Ferguson et al. (2008): Beliefs in personal benefit predicted actual future blood donation better than
beliefs in societal benefit.
,Evidence for inclusive fitness hypothesis:
- Adoption patterns in Oceania (Silk)
Evidence for inclusive fitness hypothesis:
- Alarm calls in Belding's ground squirrels
Evidence for reciprocal altruism hypothesis:
- Blood meal donation in vampire bats
What types of psychological studies were spurred by the murder of Kitty Genovese? - Answer Have a
confederate pretend to drop a lot of books/bags they were carrying
Someone pretends their car was broken down on the side of the road
Point of the studies was to see what factors would influence whether or not people helped.
What is the bystander effect? What factors influence the strength of the bystander effect? - Answer
Bystander effect: As the number of people present increases, the likelihood of helping decreases.
1) Influencing factors:
2) Ambiguity
3) Cohesiveness
Diffusion of responsibility
,Ambiguity: More helping if clearer that person truly needs help
Cohesiveness: More helping if member of established group; social responsibility norm
What is diffusion of responsibility? - Answer Diffusion of responsibility: Assume someone else will help,
especially if large group of bystanders
What are some sex differences in the expression of aggression? - Answer Males more aggressive than
females in many species
Sex differences: Sexual dimorphism
Boys and girls equally verbally aggressive
Boys use more physical aggression
Girls use more indirect aggression
What is the intrauterine position effect, and how does it demonstrate the effect of testosterone on
aggression? - Answer Intrauterine position effect: Testosterone exposure in utero in rodents. Compare
females that are:
0M
1M
2M
, What are some aggression correlates of low serotonin levels? - Answer Low serotonin correlated with:
Higher scores on standard aggression tests
Impulsive arson
Animal abuse
How does observational learning influence aggression? - Answer Effects of observational learning: Do
children pick up aggressive behavior from adults?
Bandura's bobo doll study
Spanking
How did Lee et al. (2013) investigate the effects of spanking on child aggression? What were the main
results? - Answer Lee et al. (2013)
Mothers' and fathers' self-report of frequency of spanking within prior month; child age 3
Child aggression at age 5: aggression subscale of Child Behavior Checklist
Being spanked 2+ times at age 3 by mother or father associated with increased risk of aggression at age
5
Greatest risk when both parents spanked more than twice in prior month
What is catharsis? - Answer Catharsis: Releasing, and thereby (supposedly) providing relief from, strong
or repressed emotions
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