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Solutions Manual for Digital Image Processing and Analysis Computer Vision and Image Analysis, 4th Edition by Scott Umbaugh (All Chapters) A+€12,41
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Solutions Manual for Digital Image Processing and Analysis
Computer Vision and Image Analysis, 4th Edition by Scott
Umbaugh (All Chapters) A+
Solutions for Chapter 1: Digital Image Processing and Analysis
1. Digital image processing is also referred to as computer imaging and can be defined as
the acquisition and processing of visual information by computer. It can be divided into
application areas of computer vision and human vision; where in computer vision applications
the end user is a computer and in human vision applications the end user is a human. Image
analysis ties these two primary application areas together, and can be defined as the examination
of image data to solve a computer imaging problem. A computer vision system can be thought of
as a deployed image analysis system.
2. In general, a computer vision system has an imaging device, such as a camera, and a
computer running analysis software to perform a desired task. Such as: A system to inspect parts
on an assembly line. A system to aid in the diagnosis of cancer via MRI images. A system to
automatically navigate a vehicle across Martian terrain. A system to inspect welds in an
automotive assembly factory.
3. The image analysis process requires the use of tools such as image segmentation, image
transforms, feature extraction and pattern classification. Image segmentation is often one of the
first steps in finding higher level objects from the raw image data. Feature extraction is the
process of acquiring higher level image information, such as shape or color information, and may
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require the use of image transforms to find spatial frequency information. Pattern classification
is the act of taking this higher level information and identifying objects within the image.
4. hardware and software.
5. Gigabyte Ethernet, USB 3.2, USB 4.0, Camera Link.
6. It samples an analog video signal to create a digital image. This sampling is done at a
fixed rate when it measures the voltage of the signal and uses this value for the pixel brightness.
It uses the horizontal synch pulse to control timing for one line of video (one row in the digital
image), and the vertical synch pulse to tell the end of a field or frame
7. A sensor is a measuring device that responds to various parts of the EM spectrum, or
other signal that we desire to measure. To create images the measurements are taken across a
two- dimensional gird, thus creating a digital image.
8. A range image is an image where the pixel values correspond to the distance from the
imaging sensor. They are typically created with radar, ultrasound or lasers.
9. The reflectance function describes the way an object reflects incident light. This relates to
what we call color and texture it determines how the object looks.
10. Radiance is the light energy reflected from, or emitted by, an object; whereas irradiance
is the incident light falling on a surface. So radiance is measured in Power/(Area)(SolidAngle),
and irradiance is measure in Power./Area.
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11. A photon is a massless particle that is used to model EM radiation. A CCD is a charge-
coupled device. Quantum efficiency is a measure of how effectively a sensing element converts
photonic energy into electrical energy, and is given by the ratio of electrical output to photonic
input.
15. Gamma rays have the most energy, radio waves have the least. For human life, more
energy is more dangerous.
16. UV is used in fluorescence microscopy, and IR images are used in remote sensing, law
enforcement, medical thermography and fire detection.
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17. Acoustic imaging works by sending out pulses of sonic energy (sound) at various
frequencies, and then measuring the reflected waves. The time it takes for the reflected signal to
appear contains distance information, and the amount of energy reflected contains information
about the object’s density and material. The measured information is then used to create a two or
three dimensional image. It is used in geological applications, for example oil and mineral
exploration, typically use low frequency sounds (around hundreds of hertz). Ultrasonic, or high
frequency sound, imaging is often used in manufacturing to detect defects and in medicine to
“see” inside opaque objects such as a woman’s womb to image a developing baby.
18. Electron microscopes can magnify much more than light microscopes, 1,000 compared to
200,000 times. It uses a focused beam of electrons instead of light energy to image the objects.
19. 1) structured lighting created with a laser and rotating mirrors, 2) time-of-flight using a
transmitter and receiver and various types of signals.
20. An optical image is a collection of spatially distributed light energy. Optical images can
be represented as video information in the form of analog electrical signals, and these are
sampled to generate the digital image I(r,c).
21. A “real” image is measured by a sensor, a computer image is generated by software often
using a mathematical model.
22. Binary images are 1-bit per pixel (bpp), gray-scale typically 8 bpp, color typically 24
bpp, and multispectral images can be many more bpp. With fewer bpp, we have less information,
but smaller files. Binary images contain only shape information, gray-scale images contain
brightness information, and color images have brightness information typically in three spectral
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