The summary for the course Principles of Biobased Sciences is based on condensed lecture notes. The notes are summarized into bulletpoint and schematic images that include all important information for the exam.
Biorefinery: sustainable processing of biomass into a spectrum of bio-based products (food,
feed, chemicals, materials) and bioenergy (biofuels, power and/ or heat)
- has to be financially sustainable = conversion processes. Value needs to be added by
doing it and it needs to be sustainable.
Eco and economic pyriamid for biomass use:
When you can’t do
anything else, you
start considering the
lower parts of the
pyramid.
Types of Bio-refinery:
- Green Biorefinery (e.g. duckweed & algae):
o Raw materials are usually green and often leafy
o Very high water content (up to 90%)
o Significant amounts of protein (high)
o High lignocellulose content
- Aquatic Biorefinery
o Grown in/ on water (so duckweed & algae also belong here)
o Very water content
o Significant amounts of protein (high)
o Other components more variable (e.g. lipids)
- Lipid Biorefinery (contain a lot of lipids):
o Often seeds
o Low in water content (ca. 5%)
o High amount of lipids
o Significant amounts of proteins
- “Easy sugars” Biorefinery (e.g. sugar beets & maize grain):
o Has starch/ sucrose in it
o Often tubers (potato, beet, etc…) and grain (maize, wheat etc…)
o Medium and high water content
o High amount of starch or sucrose Easy to ferment carbohydrates
- Lignocellulose (“not easy sugars”)
o High amount of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin (lignocellulose is a part of
lignin)
, o Often “structural” materials
o Low in water content
o Carbohydrates are more difficult to ferment needs pre-treatment
Composition, building blocks/ platform technology and application:
Cellulose is not an easy suger, so harder to get ethanol.
Put in:
What can/ should you do with each compound and what’s most valuable? HOW THEY CAN
BE extracted from biomass
Economy of scale: Cost advantage due the scale of operation: as output increases, the cost
per unit decreases.
Economy of scale is not unlimited, above a certain scale:
- Instead of larger equipment, more of the same will need to be installed.
Still economy of scale because less spare parts will be needed and lower downtime.
- However, in e.g. the agro-food sector other effects can occur:
o Opposing forces between economy of scale for conversion facilities and
diseconomy of scale for feedstock supply chain
Summary:
Why a biobased economy?
- Ecological, security of supply, rural development
What is biorefinery?
- Sustainable processing to multiple marketable products
Why is biorefinery useful?
- Increases the value of biomass, allows food and non-food products to
be made, new and existing products can be made
What biorefinery feedstocks are there?
- Can be grouped depending on composition and origin
What strategy should I use?
, - Look at type of feedstock and composition, look at chemical and
physical behaviour of molecules
- Feedstock type/classification often have similar general process steps
Some examples of biorefinery types
- Green, lipid, sugar, lignocellulose, aquatic – note composition and
process steps
Small or large scale?
- Small: advantages for transportation costs, minerals on site, additional
income, less rest streams at factory, innovation but can suffer from
the economy of scale.
- Small scale processing need to ensure low CAPEX and minimise heat
transfer
Capital Expenditures (CAPEX), staat voor de kosten voor ontwikkeling of levering van niet-
verbruikbare onderdelen van een product of systeem.
Lipids - Fuel production – Biodiesel:
Aquatic:
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