Stanley Hall () - ️️contributed to psychology's rapid growth
established first research laboratory for psychology in America at John Hopkins
University
-Launched psychology's first psychological journal
-Driving force in the creation of the American Psychological Association (APA)
Wilhem W...
PSY 252, Mind Brain Behavior-CSU
Exam 1 (Davalos), Mind, Brain, Behavior
exam 2, PSY 252 Exam 3, Exam 4
Stanley Hall (1844-1924) - ✔️✔️contributed to psychology's rapid growth
established first research laboratory for psychology in America at John Hopkins
University
-Launched psychology's first psychological journal
-Driving force in the creation of the American Psychological Association (APA)
Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920) - ✔️✔️made psychology an independent discipline
credited with being the founder of psychology
1879 - ✔️✔️birth of psychology
Psychology according to Wundt - ✔️✔️the scientific study of conscious experience
Two major psychological schools of thought - ✔️✔️-structuralism
-functionalism
Structuralism - ✔️✔️the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic
elements and investigate how these elements are related
-depended on method of introspection
-Edward Titchner
Introspection - ✔️✔️the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious
experience
person being studied becomes more objective and more aware
Functionalism gave birth to - ✔️✔️behaviorism and applied psychology
Sigmund Freud - ✔️✔️Psychoanalysis
-gave light to the unconsious
Unconscious according to Freud - ✔️✔️the unconscious contains thoughts, memories
and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless
exert great influence on behavior
,Psychology's intellectual parents - ✔️✔️philosophy and physiology
psychoanalytic theory - ✔️✔️attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental
disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
Behaviorism - ✔️✔️-conflicted with psychoanalytical view
-John B Watson
-theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should only
study observable behavior
-abandon the study of consciousness altogether
-needed verification
Are criminals made or born? - ✔️✔️Made according to Watson
Behavioral approach - ✔️✔️-referred to as the stimulus-response psychology
-rise in animal research
Skinners behavoralists view - ✔️✔️organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to
positive outcomes and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative
outcomes
-all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli
The scientific approach - ✔️✔️We test to evaluate:
-intuition
-common sense
-placebo effect
-hindsight bias
-overconfidence
-necessity
-critical thinking
-operational definitions
Hindsight bias - ✔️✔️"the I knew it all along phenomenon"
Critical thinking - ✔️✔️assumptions and values
Operational definition - ✔️✔️define research variable
Ex: health, good
-what are the measures
Types of research strategies - ✔️✔️How psychologists ask and answer questions
-Descriptive
-Experimental
Descriptive research - ✔️✔️-describes behavior
,Examples include case studies and surveys
-case study: one person (or a few) studied in depth
-surveys are most popular form of descriptive research
-anchoring can be a large issue in descriptive research
-naturalist observation
Naturalistic observation - ✔️✔️-observe behavior
-no manipulation
-another type of descriptive research methods
Cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition
Background for cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️-methods based on the premise that
cognitive or mental state consists of a pattern of activity distributed over many neurons
Neurophysiology - ✔️✔️physiology of the nervous system
Electrical changes in the brain - ✔️✔️EEG, ERP, ERPS
EEG - ✔️✔️-electroencephalogram
-uses surface electrodes to record the activity of underlying brain tissue
ERP - ✔️✔️-event-related potential
-averaging across repeated stimuli allows event-related activity to be identified
Components:
-usually labeled by polarity and latency
p=positive polarity
n-negative polarity
ERPS - ✔️✔️-event related brain potentials
-like EEG but related to an event (a task)
-uv is small in relation to the EEG
Imaging techniques - ✔️✔️-PET, MRI, FMRI
-used to measure brain activity and anatomy
PET - ✔️✔️-positron emission tomography
-scan radioactive glucose (sugar)
MRI - ✔️✔️-magnetic resonance imaging
-studies brain anatomy
-images internal structures of the body using magnetism
FMRI - ✔️✔️-functional magnetic resonance imaging
-studies brain function
, -regional changes in blood flow, 02 concentration changes, spatial resolution and
temporal resolution
lesion studies - ✔️✔️Old, deficits and damage in the brain where neurons are not firing
- Experimental vs. "Experiments of nature"
- Opening someone's head after they have died
- Damage in the brain after someone has died, took a lot of time
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - ✔️✔️-temporary lesion (disruption)
Vary Magnetic field
- Electrical current w/ any volume where it passes
- Hyper or Hypo
- Shutting down or ramping up electrical activity in an area (looks like the same
electrical activity of an area of the brain that isn't working)
- RTMS - therapy
What does the future of cognitive neuroscience hold? - ✔️✔️-multiple methods
-trying to figure out what specific regions of the brain that are responsible for different
tasks
-temporal and spatial studies: much higher resolution of measuring brain activity
-is possible that researchers will become more selective with particular brains that they
choose to study
Genetics, why do we care? - ✔️✔️-because genetics helps link psychological disorders
to heritage and heredity
Genotypes - ✔️✔️-full set of genes
Phenotype - ✔️✔️-appearance associated with the genes
-interaction based
-psychologists look more at
Allele - ✔️✔️-different forms of a trait that a gene may have
-Punnett square and pedigrees:all combos of alleles(phenotypes and genotypes)
polygenic inheritance - ✔️✔️a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait
multiplier effect - ✔️✔️The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an
activity.
-Ex:genes associated with mood, temper tantrums
-genes:increase in activity that induces temper tantrums=becomes magnified
-there is rarely a 1 to 1 relationship between a gene and behavior
"Old Genetics" vs. "New Genetics" - ✔️✔️-Old: rare conditions
-extra, damaged, or missing chromosomes
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