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PSY 252, Mind Brain Behavior-CSU Exam 1 (Davalos), Mind, Brain, Behavior exam 2, PSY 252 Exam 3, Questions & Answers Verified 100% Correct!!Exam 4

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Stanley Hall () - ️️contributed to psychology's rapid growth established first research laboratory for psychology in America at John Hopkins University -Launched psychology's first psychological journal -Driving force in the creation of the American Psychological Association (APA) Wilhem W...

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PSY 252, Mind Brain Behavior-CSU
Exam 1 (Davalos), Mind, Brain, Behavior
exam 2, PSY 252 Exam 3, Exam 4
Stanley Hall (1844-1924) - ✔️✔️contributed to psychology's rapid growth
established first research laboratory for psychology in America at John Hopkins
University
-Launched psychology's first psychological journal
-Driving force in the creation of the American Psychological Association (APA)

Wilhem Wundt (1832-1920) - ✔️✔️made psychology an independent discipline
credited with being the founder of psychology

1879 - ✔️✔️birth of psychology

Psychology according to Wundt - ✔️✔️the scientific study of conscious experience

Two major psychological schools of thought - ✔️✔️-structuralism
-functionalism

Structuralism - ✔️✔️the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic
elements and investigate how these elements are related
-depended on method of introspection
-Edward Titchner

Introspection - ✔️✔️the careful, systematic self-observation of one's own conscious
experience
person being studied becomes more objective and more aware

Functionalism gave birth to - ✔️✔️behaviorism and applied psychology

Sigmund Freud - ✔️✔️Psychoanalysis
-gave light to the unconsious

Unconscious according to Freud - ✔️✔️the unconscious contains thoughts, memories
and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but nonetheless
exert great influence on behavior

,Psychology's intellectual parents - ✔️✔️philosophy and physiology

psychoanalytic theory - ✔️✔️attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental
disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

Behaviorism - ✔️✔️-conflicted with psychoanalytical view
-John B Watson
-theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should only
study observable behavior
-abandon the study of consciousness altogether
-needed verification

Are criminals made or born? - ✔️✔️Made according to Watson

Behavioral approach - ✔️✔️-referred to as the stimulus-response psychology
-rise in animal research

Skinners behavoralists view - ✔️✔️organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to
positive outcomes and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative
outcomes
-all behavior is fully governed by external stimuli

The scientific approach - ✔️✔️We test to evaluate:
-intuition
-common sense
-placebo effect
-hindsight bias
-overconfidence
-necessity
-critical thinking
-operational definitions

Hindsight bias - ✔️✔️"the I knew it all along phenomenon"

Critical thinking - ✔️✔️assumptions and values

Operational definition - ✔️✔️define research variable
Ex: health, good
-what are the measures

Types of research strategies - ✔️✔️How psychologists ask and answer questions
-Descriptive
-Experimental

Descriptive research - ✔️✔️-describes behavior

,Examples include case studies and surveys
-case study: one person (or a few) studied in depth
-surveys are most popular form of descriptive research
-anchoring can be a large issue in descriptive research
-naturalist observation

Naturalistic observation - ✔️✔️-observe behavior
-no manipulation
-another type of descriptive research methods

Cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️the study of the neural mechanisms underlying cognition

Background for cognitive neuroscience - ✔️✔️-methods based on the premise that
cognitive or mental state consists of a pattern of activity distributed over many neurons

Neurophysiology - ✔️✔️physiology of the nervous system

Electrical changes in the brain - ✔️✔️EEG, ERP, ERPS

EEG - ✔️✔️-electroencephalogram
-uses surface electrodes to record the activity of underlying brain tissue

ERP - ✔️✔️-event-related potential
-averaging across repeated stimuli allows event-related activity to be identified
Components:
-usually labeled by polarity and latency
p=positive polarity
n-negative polarity

ERPS - ✔️✔️-event related brain potentials
-like EEG but related to an event (a task)
-uv is small in relation to the EEG

Imaging techniques - ✔️✔️-PET, MRI, FMRI
-used to measure brain activity and anatomy

PET - ✔️✔️-positron emission tomography
-scan radioactive glucose (sugar)

MRI - ✔️✔️-magnetic resonance imaging
-studies brain anatomy
-images internal structures of the body using magnetism

FMRI - ✔️✔️-functional magnetic resonance imaging
-studies brain function

, -regional changes in blood flow, 02 concentration changes, spatial resolution and
temporal resolution

lesion studies - ✔️✔️Old, deficits and damage in the brain where neurons are not firing
- Experimental vs. "Experiments of nature"
- Opening someone's head after they have died
- Damage in the brain after someone has died, took a lot of time

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - ✔️✔️-temporary lesion (disruption)
Vary Magnetic field
- Electrical current w/ any volume where it passes
- Hyper or Hypo
- Shutting down or ramping up electrical activity in an area (looks like the same
electrical activity of an area of the brain that isn't working)
- RTMS - therapy

What does the future of cognitive neuroscience hold? - ✔️✔️-multiple methods
-trying to figure out what specific regions of the brain that are responsible for different
tasks
-temporal and spatial studies: much higher resolution of measuring brain activity
-is possible that researchers will become more selective with particular brains that they
choose to study

Genetics, why do we care? - ✔️✔️-because genetics helps link psychological disorders
to heritage and heredity

Genotypes - ✔️✔️-full set of genes

Phenotype - ✔️✔️-appearance associated with the genes
-interaction based
-psychologists look more at

Allele - ✔️✔️-different forms of a trait that a gene may have
-Punnett square and pedigrees:all combos of alleles(phenotypes and genotypes)

polygenic inheritance - ✔️✔️a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait

multiplier effect - ✔️✔️The direct, indirect, and induced consequences of change in an
activity.
-Ex:genes associated with mood, temper tantrums
-genes:increase in activity that induces temper tantrums=becomes magnified
-there is rarely a 1 to 1 relationship between a gene and behavior

"Old Genetics" vs. "New Genetics" - ✔️✔️-Old: rare conditions
-extra, damaged, or missing chromosomes

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