The Endterm Material focuses on advanced topics such as internal and external validity, experimental designs (including true and quasi-experiments), and sampling methods. It delves into probability and non-probability sampling techniques, inferential statistics like t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson’s ...
Lecture 11
Chapter 10 (Treadwell)
Threats to internal validity - participants
Threats to internal validity - instruments
Threats to internal validity - artificiality
Threats to external validity - generalisability
True experiments
Within subjects design
Manipulation
Lab vs. field research
Randomization
Types of experimental designs
Quasi-experimental design
Lecture 12
Chapter 9 (Treadwell)
Internal and external validity
Sampling concepts
Sampling - probability sampling
Non - probability sampling
Chapter 11 (Treadwell)
Lecture 14
Chapter 7 (Salkind)
Chapter 8 (Salkind)
Chapter 9 (Salkind)
Chapter 10 (Salkind)
Samples and populations
One-sample t-test
, 2
Inferential statistics: estimates
Inferential statistics: hypotheses testing
Chapter 11 (Salkind)
Chapter 12 (Salkind)
Lecture 16
Chapter 13 (Salkind)
Chapter 14 (Salkind)
Chapter 15 (Salkind)
Chapter 16 (Salkind)
Pearson’s r
Finding the regression line
Describing the regression line
Lecture 18
Correlation is not causation
Dummy variables
Chapter 17 pp. 300-302 (Salkind)
Categorical Data: Tables
Lecture 20
Questionable research practices
Research integrity
, 3
Week 8
Lecture 11
➔ Causal hypothesis: often in terms of If/Then statements.
◆ To what extent does playing video games result in accepting violence in daily
life?
◆ If one plays violent video games, then this increases acceptance of violence in
daily life.
➔ Experimental designs:
◆ Quasi-experiments:
1. One-group pretest-postest design.
2. Two-group post-test design.
3. Two-group pretest-posttest design.
◆ True experiments:
1. Two-group random assignment pretest-posttest design.
2. Two-group random assignment posttest design.
3. Solomun four-group design.
➔ Difference: the presence of random assignment. True experiments involve random
assignment of participants to groups, while quasi-experiments lack this random
assignment.
Name Design
t = time point t1 t2
One-group pretest-postest design O1 X O2
Two-group post-test design X O2
O2
Two-group pretest-posttest design. O1 X O2
O1 O2
Two-group random assignment R O1 X O2
R O1 O2
pretest-posttest design
Two-group random assignment posttest R X O2
R O2
design
, 4
Solomun four-group design R O1 X O2
R O1 O2
R X O2
R O2
➔ X = manipulation of a variable.
➔ R = random assignment of individuals to groups.
➔ O1, O2, … = the number of observations.
Chapter 10 (Treadwell)
➔ Advantages of experiments:
◆ The researcher can determine which variables have an authentically causal
relationship.
● 3 rules for causality: Does A cause B?
○ Chronology: A must precede B in time.
○ Covariance: A and B must vary together.
○ Non-spuriousness: B must demonstrably be caused by A and
not by something else.
◆ The particular strength of the experimental method is its potential to identify
variables that have significant causal relationships, assess the direction of
causality, and identify variables that have no significant effect on other
variables.
➔ Disadvantages of experiments:
◆ The artificiality of the experimental conditions.
● Lack of ecological isomorphism.
◆ More sophisticated designs may require large numbers of people who are
willing to become experimental participants (sometimes for extended periods).
➔ Natural experiment/ Ex post facto design: researchers observe and analyze
situations that naturally occur, without intervention or manipulation. It involves
studying events or conditions that have already taken place to explore relationships
and draw conclusions but without the ability to control or randomize variables.
◆ Unique or unusual event → observation.
➔ Attrition: the gradual reduction or loss of participants over time. Occurs due to
factors such as dropouts, withdrawals, or non-compliance.
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