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Frued's definition of personality correct answers Personality is largely unconscious. It's hidden and unknown. Skinner's definition of personality correct answers It is an unnecessary construct Allports definition of personality correct answers It is something real within an individual that l...

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PSYC 305 Exam 1 || All Questions Answered Correctly.
Frued's definition of personality correct answers Personality is largely unconscious. It's hidden
and unknown.

Skinner's definition of personality correct answers It is an unnecessary construct

Allports definition of personality correct answers It is something real within an individual that
leads to characteristic behavior and thought.

Course definition of personality correct answers the set of psychological types/traits/factors and
mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence
his or her interactions with, and adaptations to, the environment (including the intrapsychic,
physical, and social environment).

Types correct answers Type membership is an all-or-nothing thing. A person belongs to one and
only one category. Theoretically a small number of types described everyone. A person fits into
only one type.

Traits correct answers Trait scores are continuous (quantitative) variables. A person is given a
numeric score to indicate how much of a trait the person possesses. Theoretically, there are a
great many traits to describe everyone. A person can be described on every trait.

Factors correct answers Factor scores are also continuous (quantitative) variables. A person is
given a numeric score to indicate how much of a factor the person possesses. Theoretically, a
small number of factors describe everyone. A person can be described on every factor.

Psychological Mechanisms correct answers Inputs, decision rules, outputs

Inputs correct answers What we perceive in our environment.

Decision Rules correct answers How we decide to react to the input and
how we decide how to act

Outputs correct answers How we act (a result of input and decision rules)

What are the other components of the personality definition? correct answers Personality is
within the individual
Traits/types/factors and mechanism are organized
Traits/types/factors and mechanisms are relatively enduring

What does personality influence? correct answers How we perceive the world, Environments we
select, Reactions we evoke from others. Personality affects adaptations to the environment
(social, physical, intrapsychic)

,What is the nomothetic approach to studying personality? correct answers involves comparisons
with other individuals.
comparing various people's scores on a test
taking a personality test and seeing if you scored higher or lower than most people

What is the idiographic approach to studying personality? correct answers focuses on one
individual
an intensive case study of a single individual
a clinical report about an unusual psychiatric patient

What approach do most theories/research take to understanding personality? correct answers
nomothetic approach

What are the Five Perspectives of Personality Assessment? correct answers -Psychoanalytic
-Psychoanalytic-Social
-Trait
-Behavioral
-Humanistic

What are theories? correct answers -Set of abstract concepts developed about facts
-Explanatory
-Theories reflect underlying cultural assumptions/backgrounds

What is the Top/Down scope of theory? correct answers The theory began with an idea and then
went searching for facts
-Deductive Reasoning (narrow, seeks to collect observations to "confirm" a hypothesis)

What is the Bottom/Up scope of theory? correct answers -The theory arose from the logical
organization of once seemingly disparate facts
-Inductive Reasoning (exploratory, characterizes early research)

What questions does personality theories address? correct answers -Freedom versus determinism
-Heredity versus environment
-Uniqueness versus universality
-Proactive versus reactive
-Optimistic versus pessimistic

Freedom vs. Determinism correct answers FREEDOM-Do we have free will?
Do we have control over our actions, behavior, destinies?
Do we understand our basic behavioral motivations?
DETERMINISM- Are we the product of internal or external forces acting on us?
We have no control, everything is decided.

Heredity vs. Environment correct answers HEREDITY- Is our personality derived from inborn,
genetic factors?
ENVIRONMENT- Does the environment influence our behavior?

, Uniqueness vs Universality correct answers UNIQUENESS- Are we each unique individuals?
Like snowflakes, no two are alike.
Makes it hard to compare...
UNIVERSALITY- Are we all basically the same in nature?
We generally do the same things, think the same thoughts.

Proactive vs Reactive correct answers PROACTIVE- Do we act on our own initiative?
Do we initiate activity?
REACTIVE- Do we simply react to stimuli presented to us?

Optimistic vs. Pessimistic correct answers OPTIMISTIC- Is personality pliable and flexible?
Can we change, improve?
Does our understanding of personality allow us to develop psychological therapies?
PESSIMISTIC- Is our personality more set in stone?
Can't teach an old dog new tricks

What is the criteria of a good theory? correct answers -Verifiability
-Comprehensiveness
-Applied Value
-Parsimony and Heuristic Value

Verifiability correct answers It can predict correctly or incorrectly (confirmation or
disconfirmation).

Comprehensiveness correct answers It applies to a variety of phenomena

Applied Value correct answers It helps improve life
Applied research vs. basic research

Parsimony and Heuristic Value correct answers A small number of constructs to explain
phenomena

Scientific Constructs correct answers Hypothetical entities postulated to explain what we observe

Operational Definitions correct answers Specifies what behaviors we include in a definition
E.g., What do we mean when we say depression?

Correlational research correct answers research method that examines the relationships among
measures

Examples: research that correlates intelligence measures with career success,
research that correlates maladjustment with childhood abuse

Experimental research correct answers research strategy that manipulates a cause to determine its
effect

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