Variable correct answers Any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic differing in property (in size, degree, or nature)
Psychological variables? correct answers memory, intelligence, reaction time, attractiveness, happiness, stress, sexual orientation, age, gender identity, all ...
PSYC 2301 Chapters 4-5 || Already Graded A+.
Variable correct answers Any event, situation, behavior, or individual characteristic differing in
property (in size, degree, or nature)
Psychological variables? correct answers memory, intelligence, reaction time, attractiveness,
happiness, stress, sexual orientation, age, gender identity, all have at least two specific levels or
values
values correct answers numeric or quantitative properties of a variable, i.e. a 50 question
memory test with 0-50 correct answers
Categorical variables (qualitative variables) correct answers variable that identify different
categories, such as nationality (place of birth) values differ but not in quantity
non-experimental method correct answers studying relationships among variables by measuring
or observing the variables of interest through asking people to describe their behavior or directly
observing behavior, can't establish a casual relationship
non-experimental research study correct answers researchers observe how often students
multitask on their laptops during lectures, then using statistics to determine if there is a
relationship between multitasking and grades
experimental method correct answers involves direct manipulation of one variable, control of
several other variables (those not of interest), then measurement of an outcome variable
hypothetically affected by the manipulated variable
Operationalization correct answers translating variables into terms of the specific method that
will be used to measure or manipulate it, defiing exactly what operations will be carried out in
the study to represent the variable
situational variables correct answers describe characteristics of a situation or environment to
which participants are exposed to in a study, such as the number of people around you when
writing an exam
response variables correct answers responses or behaviors of participants measured in
experimental or non-experimental designs, such as reaction time in response to a stimulus
Participant variables correct answers characteristics that individuals bring with them to a study
such as cultural backgrounds, age, intelligence, and personality traits
prediction correct answers a statement of the hypothesis translated into the specific
operationalizations of the study, i.e. aggression is operationalized as a score on a personality
measure of aggressiveness
, confounding variables correct answers variables not of a researcher's interest that can explain
their results, i.e. if academic average predicts career success, we can't determine if our GPA is
due to intelligence test scores
Operationalization with non-experimental method correct answers Measurements are used to
operationally define variables of interest, i.e. researcher investigates relationship between
exercise and happiness, participants self-report their activity levels and current happiness
correlational research method correct answers observes variables without manipulation and
examines whether the variables correlate or vary with each other
correlational designs correct answers studies where researchers investigate relationships between
variables that have numeric values or categorical vales
positive linear relationship correct answers increases in the values of one variable are
accompanied by increases in values of the second variables; i.e. increases in narcissism is
accompanied by increases in facebook use
negative linear relationship correct answers increases in the values of one variable are
accompanied by decreases in the second variable, i.e. increases in depressive symptoms are
accompanied by decreases in academic performance
curvilinear relationship correct answers increases in the values of one variable are accompanied
by increases and decreases in the second variable; often starting out as positive and progressing
into negative
curvilinear relationship example? correct answers Relationship between sugar intake and
happiness, at first happiness increases when you eat more sugar but consuming sweets in
abundance leads to decreased happiness over time
no relationship correct answers variable that have no relationship show up as a flat horizontal
line on a graph
Understanding strength of the relationship between two variables correct answers Sometimes
two variables are strongly related to each other, and there's little deviation from straight lines.
Other times two variables are correlated, but the association is weaker because scores deviate
from the ideal resulting in points that don't fall on a straight line
mediating variable correct answers a psychological process that explains the relationship
between two variables; i.e. behavioral issues are a mediating variable that explains the
relationship between inattention and peer issues in children
correlations correct answers capture the average trend of relationships between two variables,
reduce our uncertainty about the world by increasing our understanding of the variables we
examine
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