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BIO 311C FINAL EXAM Questions And Already Passed Answers.
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operons consist of: - Answer promoter, operator, coordinately related cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway are human genes organized in operons? - Answer no responses caused by epinephrine binding to receptor - Answer --response may be relaxation of muscles th...

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BIO 311C FINAL EXAM Questions And
Already Passed Answers.
operons consist of: - Answer promoter, operator, coordinately related cluster of genes whose products
function in a common pathway



are human genes organized in operons? - Answer no



responses caused by epinephrine binding to receptor - Answer --response may be relaxation of muscles
through a G-protein pathway

--other triggers contraction of muscles by opening calcium ion channels



insulin receptor is what type of receptor? - Answer tyrosine kinase



where is tRNA made? - Answer nucleus



explain sucrose-H+ co-transporter - Answer --H+ pump creates H+ gradient

--as H+ moves down its gradient through the co-transporter, energy from that moves sucrose against its
gradient also through the co-transporter



what determines the net direction of water movement across a semi-permeable membrane? - Answer
solutes (water follows solute, moving from low solute concentration to high solute concentration)



advantages of using second messengers instead of another protein - Answer --small molecules, so
easier to make

--can diffuse around cytoplasm



2 ways bacteria can turn off tryptophan pathway? - Answer 1. end-product feedback inhibition:
tryptophan can bind to an earlier enzyme in the pathway in order to stop further production

2. gene regulation: tryptophan acts as a co-repressor and binds to inactive repressor; the now-active
repressor binds to operator to end further transcription of trp operon

,examples of keeping signal transduction pathways under control (3) - Answer --active cAMP changed to
AMP (phosphodiesterase)

--excess calcium ions cleared from cytosol

--phosphatase enzymes inactivate proteins



silent mutation - Answer (ex. could be: base substitution)

results in triplet codon that codes for same amino acid as before and would not affect functionality of
protein



by what means could a gene be active in one cell type and inactive in another? - Answer specialized
cells have different sets of control proteins to turn on only certain genes; all genes are present in every
cell, but transcription factors and activator proteins vary; also different control proteins



antiport - Answer membrane protein that transports 2 different substances in opposite directions (ex:
Na/K pump)



early arguments supporting protein as the genetic material - Answer --20 different amino acids

--great variety in shapes

--known to control cell reactions



tRNA function - Answer carries amino acids to ribosome for translation



why can't eukaryotes do coupled transcription and translation? - Answer --nucleus is barrier separating
the processes

--eukaryotes do RNA processing (splicing out introns, etc.)



aquaporin - Answer passive protein channel in which water can pass through and go into cell (faster
way for water to cross than simple diffusion, larger amounts of water can pass through)



early arguments supporting DNA as genetic material - Answer --doubles before cell replication

, --4 different nucleotides



introns - Answer noncoding segments of mRNA that are cut out



activator proteins-- binding location and effect ? - Answer --bind to enhancer (in eukaryotes) and
promoter (in prokaryotes)

--greatly increase the rate of transcription



repolarization - Answer K+ channels open, allowing efflux of K+ (down its gradient), makes outside cell
more positive and inside more negative



meaning of redundant code - Answer multiple codons can code for the same amino acid (but codons
can only code for one amino acid each)



H bonds between C and G - Answer triple bond



H bonds between A and T - Answer double bond



meaning of anti-parallel structure - Answer DNA strands run in opposite directions



structure of eukaryotic chromosomes/how is DNA arranged with histone proteins? - Answer made of
chromatin, which is DNA wrapped around histone proteins which form nucleosomes (DNA wrapped
twice around 8 histones), then further coiled in supercoils and packed into chromosome



facilitated diffusion - Answer passing through phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration with
help of a protein (either channel- like a tunnel/pipe, or carrier- changes shape during transport)



in sucrose/H+ co-transporter, what gradient allows sucrose to enter cell against its concentration
gradient? - Answer H+ (proton) gradient;

as protons move along their gradient, the electrochemical potential difference gives off energy that is
used to move sucrose against its gradient into the cell

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