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CMMB 403 Final Exam Questions and Answers 100% Solved What are the origins of the optic vesicle and the lens? - optic vesicle = forebrain (neural ectoderm) lens = surface epidermis --> placode Describe the process of lens induction - 1. the optic vesicle (forebrain) induces thickening of t...

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CMMB 403 Final Exam Questions and

Answers 100% Solved


What are the origins of the optic vesicle and the lens? - ✔✔optic vesicle =

forebrain (neural ectoderm)

lens = surface epidermis --> placode

Describe the process of lens induction - ✔✔1. the optic vesicle (forebrain)

induces thickening of the surface epidermis (prospective lens placode)

2. the optic vesicle pinches in to form the optic cup and the lens invaginate

as well (lens placode comes into contact w/ the optic vesicle)

3. the optic cup forms two layers: neural retina and the pigmented retina

4. the lens pinches off

What is a placode? - ✔✔epithelial thickening of ectoderm that develops into

neurons or other parts of the sensory organs

What is the function of jervine? - ✔✔Its a SHH inhibitor, preventing the

repression of Pax6 at the midline, causing cyclopia

What is the function of Pax6? - ✔✔Eye development

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

Where is Shh expressed along the midline? - ✔✔- the prechordal plate

(floor plate of the neural tube) and the notochord

How does the signalling in Mexican cave-dwelling fish differ for eye

development? - ✔✔- they sent need to see because they live in caves

- so they have evolved to over express Shh and down regulated Pax6

everywhere = no eye development

What is the function of the Rx gene? - ✔✔retinal development --> functions

to maintain the expression of Pax6 (AMPLIFY PAX6)

Where do neural crest cells form? - ✔✔The entire length of the neural tube

How do neural crest cells migrate? When in development does migration

occur? - ✔✔They undergo an EMT

- migrate in the 4th week of development

What transcription factors are necessary to cause the release of E-cadherin

and allow the neural crest cells to undergo an EMT and migrate -

✔✔Snail/Slug --> neural crest cells lose E-cadherin and become

mesenchymal and can migrate through the body

,©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

What are the four main regions of neural crest and what do they form? -

✔✔1. Vagal/ Sacral: forms the parasympathetic neurons that innervate the

gut

2. trunk: forms the sensory neurons and dorsal root ganglia (and the

melanocytes)

3. cranial: forms the bones and cartilage of the face

4. cardiac: forms the outflow tracts of the heart

What chemotaxis elements are responsible for the migration of the

vagal/sacral neural crest cells into the gut? - ✔✔gut produces GDNF signal

which binds to the RET receptors on the neural crest cells -->

chemoattraction that drives the movement of neural crest cells into the gut

What causes Hirschprungs disease? - ✔✔mutation in GDNF or the RET

receptor to prevent chemoattraction driving the movement of neural crest

cells to the gut

- dont get proper peristalsis in the gut anymore

What are the two pathways that trunk neural crest cells can migrate down?

Which one forms what and which happens first? - ✔✔First - the ventral

, ©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.

pathway: neural crest cells migrate to the anterior sclerotome where they

either become the sympathetic ganglia or the dorsal root ganglia



Second - the more dorsolateral pathway: future melanocytes migrate

between the dermis and epidermis

Where are the cell bodies of the sensory neurons found? - ✔✔- found in

the dorsal root ganglia, not right in the central nervous system

What drives the migration of trunk neural crest through the anterior

sclerotome instead of the posterior? - ✔✔- the neural crest cells express

Eph receptors

- the posterior sclerotome expresses ephrins

- these repel eachother

What do the neural crest cells who stay in the anterior sclerotome become?

- ✔✔if they stay in the anterior sclerotome --> become more dorsal cell

types DRG

What do the neural crest cells who are repulsed and migrate out of the

anterior sclerotome become? - ✔✔cells that migrate out of the anterior

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