endothelial cell - Answer- Cell type that forms the endothelium, the epithelium of a blood
vessel wall.
Leukocyte extravasation - Answer- the movement of leukocytes out of the circulatory
system and towards the site of tissue damage or infection
Selectins - Answer- Expressed by the endothelial cells to interact with sugars on
leukocytes
Integrins - Answer- e.g. LFA-1 - expressed by leukocytes to interact with ICAM on
endothelial cells for adhesison
Cytokines effect on body - 3 - Answer- 1 - Leukocyte production in bone marrow
2 - Act on hypothalamus to induce fever, increases function of immune cells
3 - Act on liver to increase phagocytosis and complement activation
CRP - Answer- C-reactive protein
Acts as opsonin
Activates classical pathway of complements
MBL - Answer- mannose-binding lectin
Acts as opsonin
Activates lectin pathway of complement
SP-A - Answer- Acts as opsonin in lung
septic shock for systemic infection - 4 - Answer- 1 - Vessel dilation -> cell's fluids
escape to tissues
2 - Drop in blood volume, pressure
3 - Elevated heartbeat
4 - DIC - Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Cytokine storm
Septic shock death steps - 5 - Answer- 1 - Cytokine production -> Endogenous
vasodilators
2 - Changes in endothelium -> leakage of fluids -> tissue edema
3 - microvascular beds clotted with neutrophils - impairs blood flow to organs
4 - Organ specific Ischemia (restriction in blood supply)
5 - Organ failure -> death
How to treat septic shock? - 3 - Answer- 1 - Dampen cytokine storm - steroids (anti-
inflammatories)
2 - Get rid of clots - activated protein C
3 - Vasopressors - constrict blood vessels
Complement - Answer- network of soluble or membrane bound proteins
triggers: PAMPs & immune complexes
activation of zymogens
Pathways for Complement Activation - 3 - Answer- 1 - Lectin pathway
2 - Classical pathway
3 - Alternative pathway
result of complement activation - Answer- C3 activation
Results of C3 activation - Answer- 1 - Amplification of inflammation
, 2 - Opsonization of pathogens for intracellular killing
3 - Membrane Membrane attack complex lysis of microbial membranes
lectin pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is activated by the binding of a
MBL present in blood plasma to mannose-containing peptidoglycans on bacterial
surfaces.
classical pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is activated by antibody bound
to antigen.
alternative pathway of complement activation - Answer- It is triggered by the presence
of infection but does not involve antibody. The early stages leading to cleavage of C3
involve iC3b, factor B, and factor D.
MAC - Answer- membrane attack complex
with generation of C5 enzyme, C5 is cleaved and C5a and C5b are formed, with C5B,
MAC is assembled
Opsonization - Answer- coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis
Helped with C3b and C4b
Anaphylatoxins that increase vascular permeability - Answer- C5a and C3a
Hereditary Angiodema - Answer- deficiency of C1 inhibitor (C1INH)
blocks in classical complement activation
treatment: Recombinant C1INH
C1INH - Answer- dissociates C1r/C1s in C1 complex
C4 and C2 byproducts
Vasoactive - swelling in tissues
villi - Answer- Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface
area for absorption
Microvilli - Answer- Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells,
increase surface area, aid in absorption
intestinal crypts - Answer- found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces
intestinal juice
Epithelial cells - Answer- Physical barrier
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