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BIO 252 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS Homologous chromosomes - Ans:-Chromosomes that pair durng meiosis and are identical with respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement. Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs, one from the mother and one from the father. Diploid ...

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FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




BIO 252 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS


Homologous chromosomes - Ans:✔✔-Chromosomes that pair durng meiosis and are identical with

respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement. Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs, one

from the mother and one from the father.


Diploid - Ans:✔✔-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.


Haploid - Ans:✔✔-having a single set of unpaired chromosomes


Mitosis - Ans:✔✔-cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of

chromosomes. Produces two identical daughter cells.


Meoisis - Ans:✔✔-The process in which one sex cell divides into four new sex cells, each one being

unique and haploid.


If we are referring to a trait for coat color in dogs and the dog looks black, this is the dog's _______> If ou

are the told the dog has two different alleles, B/b, then this is the dog's _____________. - Ans:✔✔-

Phenotype, genotype




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, ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024




If you could build a protein with 10 amino acids, and any amino acid could be at each position, how

many variations are possible? - Ans:✔✔-10^10 variations.


What is the central dogma of molecular biology? - Ans:✔✔-DNA -> RNA -> Protein


Structure and function are linked in proteins. What happens to the structure of hemoglobin when the B-

globin gene has a mutation that changes a codon from GAG to GUG? - Ans:✔✔-When the blood O2

concentration is low, the hemoglobin form long chains which distort the shapes of red blood cells


When a gene from a bacterium is inserted into a corn plant, we would call this corn plant a ______

organism. - Ans:✔✔-Transgenic


repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-Nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a

eukaryotic genome. The repeated units may be short and arranged tandemly (in series) or long and

dispersed in the genome.


It is also known as heterochromatin and is found concentrated in telomeres and centromeres.


highly repetitive DNA - Ans:✔✔-DNA that consists of short sequences that are present in hundreds of

thousands to millions of copies; clustered in certain regions of chromosomes.


Tend to be clustered in heterochromatic regions flanking centromeres and telomeres.


Contains satellite DNA.




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Satellite DNA - Ans:✔✔-Short sequences of DNA that are tandemly repeated as many as 10 million times

in the DNA; much of it is located in the telomeres and centromere


Differs from main band DNA in its molecular composition.


It is only in eukaryotes


Heterochromatin - Ans:✔✔-Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and

is generally not transcribed. It is tightly compacted around histones.


What are in middle repetitive DNA? - Ans:✔✔-Tandem repeats and interspered retrotransposons


What are SINES and LINES? - Ans:✔✔-Either short or long stretches of DNA which shows up in multiple

locations on a chromosome. May be viral in nature and said to possible trace back to ancient

retrotransposons..


SINES have less than 500 base pairs


LINES have as many as 6500


Both are interspersed throughout the genome and make up over 1/3 of the genome


VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-tandem (next to each other) repeats of a short

DNA sequence (9 to 80 base pairs) with varying numbers of repeats among individuals.


These are also known as mini satellites


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STRs (short tandem repeats) - Ans:✔✔-Short tandem repeats (STRs) are short nucleotide


sequences that are repeated in tandem,


Consist of 2-5 nucleotides


Can repeat anywhere between 5-50 times


Also known as microsatellites


mini satellites - Ans:✔✔-clusters of VNTRs


transposable sequences - Ans:✔✔-mobile DNA sequences that can potentially move to different

locations within the genome


CEN region (centromere) - Ans:✔✔-the minimal region of the centromere that supports the functoin of

chromosomal segregation


Chromatid - Ans:✔✔-one half of a duplicated chromosome


Chromatin - Ans:✔✔-Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled

around histones


How many histones are in a nucleosome? - Ans:✔✔-8 (2 of each type)


What is a solenoid? - Ans:✔✔-A ring of 6 nucleosomes


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