Descent with Modification - ANSWERS1. All species share common ancestry
2. Changes occur through natural selection
Darwin and Wallace's insights - ANSWERSManuscripts with identical theories:
1) A population process: populations evolve, individuals don't
2) All organisms have a common ancestor...
organic evolution Exam 1 Questions &
Answers
Descent with Modification - ANSWERS1. All species share common ancestry
2. Changes occur through natural selection
Darwin and Wallace's insights - ANSWERSManuscripts with identical theories:
1) A population process: populations evolve, individuals don't
2) All organisms have a common ancestor
How do we know something in science - ANSWERSDirect experimentation- control
confounding variables
Indirect experimentation- inference based on application of principles and laws in which
we have confidence
The Scientific method - ANSWERS
Anaximander - ANSWERS520BC
-Proposed species changed over time.
-Speculated life had single origin and goes
simpler -->complex
Xenophanes - ANSWERS500BC
-Thought fossils held the key to earlier forms of life and speculated about evolution of
living forms
Plato - ANSWERS350BC
- Essentialism
Essentialism - ANSWERSEverything is perfect
Aristotle - ANSWERS350BC
-Species have immutable essence
-Ladder of life
Ladder of Life - ANSWERSEach species on a rung as hierarchical. No evolution
Immutable Essence - ANSWERSNo evolution
Jon Ray - ANSWERS1686
-English naturalist who classified plants based on observed similarities and differences
-Defined the term "species"
,-Individuals of a species are similar as they descend from common ancestor.
Steno - ANSWERS(1638-86)
Father of geology and stratigraphy
- Recognized record of historical change
-Shark teeth
Karl Linne (Linneaus) - ANSWERS1735
-Developed the current classification scheme for organisms including binomial
nomenclature
-"hierarchical scheme"
Buffon (Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon) - ANSWERS1749
-proposed a modern definition of species based on the ability to produce fertile
offspring.
-Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry. Supported the idea of a long
time scale.
-Proposed different regions have different sets of animals and plants (Buffon's Law).
Charles Bonnet - ANSWERS1770 (Angel Man)
-proposed that organisms responded to natural catastrophes by evolving (kind of like
natural selection) and that this evolution followed a pre-determined path (not like natural
selection)
-Apes were becoming men and men were becoming angels as they evolved.
Immanuel Kant - ANSWERS1780
-proposed a common origin for living things and diversification based on need in
different circumstances
Cuvier (Georges Chretien Leopold Dagobert) - ANSWERS1800
-founder of animal paleontology
-convinced of extinction but that evolution couldn't happen and that species couldn't
change thru time.
-Catastrophism - proposed the idea that catastrophes had caused mass extinctions to
explain why fossils of different strata differed and why the boundaries between strata
were sharp and not gradual.
Erasmus Darwin - ANSWERS1800
-Published Zoonomia, agreeing that all living things were descended from a single
ancestor and that they had diversified into the various forms seen today due to
competition and social interaction.
James Hutton - ANSWERS1788
-Proposed gradualism: that most geological change was small (volcanoes and
earthquakes were exceptions) and that the Earth was old, allowing for great change to
have accumulated.
, William Smith - ANSWERS(1769-1839)
-Proposed each layer of rack had distinct fossils, and layers that were similar age had
same fossils.
-Created 1st geological map based on recognizing same layers of rock in different parts
of England based on fossils in them.
Charles Lyell - ANSWERS1830s
-Renamed gradualism to uniformitarianism stressing that the forces of geological
change seen today are the same as have been operating since the origin of the Earth,
so we may understand ancient changes and predict future changes by studying current
change.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) - ANSWERS1809
-Proposed separate origins for species through spontaneous generation and
subsequent change by the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics.
-More complex forms had formed earlier and had more time to become complex.
-Each species evolves toward a goal.
Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics - ANSWERSCharacteristics changed as the use
of them changed and these changes were passed on to the next generation.
Evolution - ANSWERSChange in the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of
groups of related organisms (populations) over generations.
-passed in the genetic material.
-can vary from simple gene frequencies in a population to macroevolution.
What sometimes happen if populations split and become isolated? - ANSWERSThey
may diverge and over vast amounts of time this can explain biodiversity and
relatedness.
Evolution is NOT... - ANSWERS1) Changes in an organism due to development from
zygote to adult (ontogeny)
2) Darwinism
Darwinism - ANSWERSEvolution by natural selection
Thomas Malthus - ANSWERS-1838, Darwin read essay by this person and observed
that resources are either fixed or increase linearly but that human populations using
those resources increase geometrically.
-Felt shortages bound to happen once pop. caught up to amount of resource available.
-competition inevitable
Theory of Evolution - ANSWERS-Unifying idea explaining the life sciences and
produces a tree-like model of branching common descent.
-Essential to applied sciences.
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