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PHA 321 MPS 621 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2022/2023
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PHA 321 MPS 621 Exam 1 Questions & Answers 2022/2023 Definition of Professionalism - ANSWERSThe active demonstration of the traits of a professional OR Described as the advocacy of a set of attitudes and behaviors believed to be appropriate to a particular occupation Tenets of Pro...

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PHA 321 MPS 621 Exam 1 Questions &
Answers 2022/2023

Definition of Professionalism - ANSWERSThe active demonstration of the traits of a

professional



OR



Described as the advocacy of a set of

attitudes and behaviors believed to be

appropriate to a particular occupation



Tenets of Professionalism - ANSWERSAltruism

Honesty and Integrity

Respect for Others

Professional Presence

Professional Stewardship

Dedication and Commitment to Excellence

Duty

Accountability



The Flexner report 1910 - ANSWERSAbraham Flexner was hired by the American Medical Association in
the early 1900's to study the medical school curriculums across the United States. In his report Flexner
stated that pharmacy was not a profession. This did not cause a great deal of trouble until the war
department refused to commission pharmacists in the army. This got pharmacists active!! Pharmacists'
activity led to upgrading the professional education. This was the beginning of a period of elevation in
the profession of pharmacy.



Recommendations by Abraham Flexner

,- National accreditation of medical schools

- Graduation of fewer students—class sizes were restricted

- Closing of weaker schools



Response by the AACP to the Flexner report - ANSWERS1928—AACP* adopted 4 year B.S. in

Pharmacy as minimum (went into effect in 1932)



The Hill-Burton Act of 1946 - ANSWERSProvided grants to build and renovate hospitals. Expansion of
pharmaceutical products in the need to regulate this increased market



Humphrey-Durham amendment (1951) - ANSWERSamendment to 1938 law that distinguish OTC vs
Prescription and left the FDA to determine what was what. Establishment of New Drug Application NDA
process to get approved Created the "prescription only" class of drugs.



Pharmacists could no longer "counter prescribe" (i.e.,

could not dispense without Rx). Could only function under a physician.



The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 - ANSWERSResponse to the Elixir of Sulfanilamide Disaster.
drugs must be safe - gave power to "FDA" to police manufacture and regulate product entry onto the
market.



New drugs could be marketed only with approval of

the FDA

• Manufacturer was required to determine SAFETY

• The drug was NOT required to be efficacious, just

safe



Define Pharmaceutical care - ANSWERSis the responsible provision of drug therapy for the

purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life . These outcomes are:

(i) cure of a disease

, (ii) elimination or reduction of a patient's symptomatology

(iii) arresting or slowing of a disease process

(iv) preventing a disease or symptomatology



To accomplish this the Pharmacist cooperates with a patient and other professionals in designing,
implementing, and monitoring a therapeutic plan that will produce specific

therapeutic outcomes for the patient. This in turn involves three major

functions:

(i) identifying potential and actual drug-related problems

(ii) resolving actual drug-related problems; and

(iii) preventing drug-related problems.



Barriers to Pharmaceutical Care - ANSWERS1. Drug product focus—dispensing drugs

has historically been the paradigm

2. Service to the patient (DUR, dosing calculations) occurs distant from the patient and (potentially)
without regard for outcomes

3. Turf battles - Other professions (e.g., nurses &

physicians) may view pharmaceutical care

as their role

4. Lack of financial incentives—most

reimbursement incentives still

focused on dispensing and NOT care

provided

5. Pharmacies may lack facilities for

consulting, monitoring physiologic

parameters

6. Greatest barrier is ourselves. Comfort

with the status quo. LAZINESS

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