MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1: WUNDERLICH questions with correct answers
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MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY NURSING 615
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Maryville University Of St. Louis
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. Correct Answer-A programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to ne...
MARYVILLE PATHO 611 EXAM 1:
WUNDERLICH questions with correct answers
Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. Correct Answer-A
programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed.
Necrosis: characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure,
organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major
cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and
heart. (Myocardial infarction)
Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart
injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various
cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of
myocardial biology!!
Cellular adaptation: Hypertrophy Correct Answer-Increase in size of cell
Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy
of myocardial cells such as an endurance training-this is referred to as
physiologic hypertrophy. Versus pathologic hypertrophy that occurs
secondary to HTN.
,Cellular adaptation: Hyperplasia Correct Answer-Increase in number of
cells
Compensatory: removal of 70% off liver-can regenerate in about 2
weeks.
Pathologic: endometrial hyperplasia
Cellular adaptation: Metaplasia Correct Answer-Replacement of cells
Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have
been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if
irritant is stopped.
Cellular metabolism: During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? Correct Answer-ATP
= energy BUT needs oxygen - aerobic metabolism
A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-
phosphate (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which
leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and
diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed
in chapter one). Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and
cellular swelling results.
Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) Correct Answer-Results when
oxygen reserves are depleted.
, Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which
diseases? Correct Answer-A free radical is an electrically uncharged
atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one
unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives
up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable
of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids.
Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen
species play major roles in the initiation and progression of
cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure.
Cellular injury: What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during
chemical injury? Correct Answer-Lysosomes: Enzymatic digestion of
cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting
synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
Fatty Liver Correct Answer-Ethanol: Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol
to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes
helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned
to Fat in the liver
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Correct Answer-The cell component most
vulnerable to the target of radiation.
Aging and the cell/tissues:
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