NROS 310 - Exam 1 || with 100% Verified Solutions.
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NROS 310 -
what is the central dogma or molecular genetics? correct answers every cell has the same genomic DNA -> transciption (DNA-mRNA) -> translation (RNA-proteins) -> offspring
List exceptions to central dogma correct answers 1. RNA/retroviruses
2. noncoding DNA
3. Prions (proteins that ch...
NROS 310 - Exam 1 || with 100% Verified Solutions.
what is the central dogma or molecular genetics? correct answers every cell has the same
genomic DNA -> transciption (DNA-mRNA) -> translation (RNA-proteins) -> offspring
List exceptions to central dogma correct answers 1. RNA/retroviruses
2. noncoding DNA
3. Prions (proteins that change other proteins)
4. Epigenetic -> structure of chromosome can be passed on, DNA sequence does not change
5. RBC's -> no genomic DNA bc no nucleus
What nucleotides make up DNA? correct answers A+T, C+G -> held together by hydrogen
bonds
C+G is "stickier" and has a stronger bond
What is a gene? correct answers sequence of genomic information that encodes for a certain
functional product and includes all the coding sequences that regulate expression
What is chromatin? correct answers complex of DNA wrapped tightly around histone and non-
histone proteins to fit into the nucleus
What is the function of histones? correct answers histones are proteins that are wrapped in DNA
and they regulate gene expression
What is a genome? correct answers all of an organism's DNA sequences
What is an allele? correct answers particular form of a gene
Dominant vs recessive? correct answers dominant - shows dominant phenotypes for both hetero
and homo
recessive - must be homo recessive to show pheno
Is it possible to have a mutation that normally causes disease and not show symptoms? correct
answers Yes, partial penetrance
When are recessive mutations most likely to happen? correct answers After a loss of function
When are dominant mutations most likely to happen? correct answers gain of function
What is an example of having a disease gene but not expressing the symptoms? correct answers
BRCA gene does not mean individual will have breast cancer, unless triggered by external
environment
Which steps of turning DNA to protein is regulated correct answers Both translation and
transcription
, What is a promoter and its function? correct answers sequence of DNA where RNA pol begins
transcription at
What are enhancers and their function? correct answers sequence of DNA which acts as binding
site for other proteins
promoters vs enhancers? correct answers promoters are necessary, enhancers are elsewhere on
the DNA strand
How can a sequence far from the promoter affect transcription rate? correct answers activators or
repressors can bind to enhancers which are far away
Describe the steps of activators. correct answers 1. bind to enhancer
2. help RNA Pol/transciption factors to bind to promoter
3. promote activity of HAT
4. increase transcription rate
Describe the steps of repressors. correct answers 1. bind to enhancer
2. recruits histone methyltransferase to close chromatin
3. decreases transc rate
How can gene expression be regulated? correct answers - activators + repressors
- diff levels of interaction by proteins
heterchromatin vs euchromatin? correct answers heterochromatin - closed chromatin
euchromatin - open chromatin
Describe methylation on DNA correct answers DNA methyl transferase -> methylation -> no
transc -> DNA methylase -> demethylation -> inc transc
Describe histone acetylation correct answers HAT -> acetylation -> inc transc -> HDAC ->
deacetylation -> no transc
How can the DNAse protection assay be used to show changed in chromatin structure? correct
answers DNAse cannot cut closed/condensed chromatin
Is it appropriate to refer to epigenetics to describe changes that occur during memory formation?
correct answers If the definition of epigenetics is broadened to include changes that are long-
term, not necessarily just inheritable, then it can be used
How does X chromosome inactivation work? correct answers Xist makes an RNA instead of a
protein, which recruits chromatin remodeling complex to shut down transcription of half of the
chromatin
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