Nur 310 Final Exam || Questions and 100% Verified Answers.
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What cell changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Decrease # of cells= < functioning cells in body
-Lean body mass is reduced
-Increase visceral fat
-ICF reduced= reduced total body fluid (^dehydration)
- < bone mass
What physical appearance changes occur in the older adult?...
Nur 310 Final Exam || Questions and 100% Verified
Answers.
What cell changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Decrease # of cells= < functioning
cells in body
-Lean body mass is reduced
-Increase visceral fat
-ICF reduced= reduced total body fluid (^dehydration)
- < bone mass
What physical appearance changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Graying/thinning
hair
-Ectropion eyelids
-Thicker hair/ear/nose
-Elongated ears (< tissue elasticity)
-Darkening/wrinkling skin around orbits
-Decrease height (much as 3 inches)
-Diminished muscle mass & skin folds
-Growth of facial hair in women
-Narrower gait in women & Wider gait in men
-Deeping hollows of axilla
-Intercostal/supraclavicular spaces
-Arcus senilis
what Respiratory system changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Shape of nose
changes: connective tissue changes = relaxation of the tissue at lower edge of the septum
---reduced support = tip of the nose to rotates downward.
-Septal deviations can occur resulting in mouth breathing while sleeping which contributes to
snoring and obstructive apnea
-PO2 reduced as much as 15% between ages 20 and 80
-Blunting of cough and laryngeal reflexes
-By age 90 years, ~50% increase in residual capacity
-Alveoli fewer in number and larger in size
-Thoracic muscles more rigid
-Reduced basilar inflation
-Loss of elasticity and increased rigidity
-Decreased ciliary action
-Forced expiratory volume increased
-Less lung expansion
-Decreased ability to expel foreign or accumulated matter
-Immobility can further reduce respiratory activity
what Cardiovascular changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -More prominent arteries
in head, neck, and extremities
-Valves become thicker/ more rigid
,Stroke volume and cardiac output decreases
-Heart pigmented with lipofuscin granules
---"wear and tear" pigments from lysosomal breakdown
-Less efficient oxygen utilization
-Aorta becomes dilated and elongated
-Resistance to peripheral blood flow increases by 1% per year
-Blood pressure increases to compensate for increased peripheral resistance and decreased
cardiac output
-Less elasticity of vessels
What GI changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Tooth enamel becomes harder &
more brittle
-Decreased taste because the tongue atrophies
-Esophagus more dilated- causes food to stay in esophagus longer which can be uncomfortable
-Reduced intestinal blood flow
-Liver smaller in size- less able to regenerate damaged cells
-Atrophy of gastric mucosa
-Decreased stomach motility, hunger, contractions and emptying time
-Less production hydrochloric acid, pepsin, lipase, pancreatic enzymes
-Fewer cells on absorbing surfaces of intestines
-Slower peristalsis
-⅓ amount of saliva produced
-Loss of tone of internal sphincter can affect bowel elimination
What GU changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Prostate enlargement in older men,
increased problems with urinary frequency
-Decreased renal mass
-Decreased tubular function
-Decreased bladder capacity
-Decreased nephrons
-Weaker bladder muscles
-Atherosclerosis may promote atrophy of the kidneys.
-Renal blood flow decreases 53%
-GFR decreases 50%
-Urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia accompany bladder changes
-Stress incontinence may occur because of a weakening of the pelvic diaphragm
What Reproductive changes occur in the older adult? correct answers MALES
-Fluid- retaining capacity reduced
-Possible sperm count reduction
-Enlarged prostate
-Loss of sexual intensity
-Atrophy of testis/ testosterone levels decrease
FEMALES
-Appearance changes of vagina
, -Loss of elasticity and rugae
-Vagina becomes more alkaline and reduction in secretions
-Uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries experience atrophy
-Females continue to respond to sexual stimuli
-Estrogen depletion causes involuntary urine release
What musculoskeletal changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Decreased bone mass
& more **prevalence of osteoporosis** (more common in women)
-Slight kyphosis & shortening of vertebrae: can *lose up to 3 in. of height*
-**Sarcopenia**: age related loss of muscle mass, strength, function
(mostly seen in inactive persons)
-** emphasize importance of regular exercise/activity in older persons!
What nervous system changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Decline in brain weight
(particularly after age 55)
-Reduction of blood flow to the brain
-Reduction in neurons, nerve fibers, cerebral blood flow, & metabolism
-Changes in nervous/cognitive function can sometimes go unnoticed due to slow progression
-Because brain controls sleep-wake cycle, changes or interruptions in sleep often occur; frequent
awakening occurs, but minimal amount of sleep is lost
What sensory changes occur in the older adult? correct answers -Sight: More opaque lens,
decreased pupil size, more spherical cornea (presbyopia)
-Smell: Impaired ability to identify and discriminate among odors
-Taste: High prevalence of taste impairment, although most likely due to factors other than
normal aging
-Touch: Reduction in tactile sensation
-Hearing: Atrophy of hair cells of organ of Corti, tympanic membrane sclerosis and atrophy,
increased cerumen and concentration of keratin (presbycusis)
What Endocrine changes occur in the older adult? correct answers Thyroid gland
-undergoes fibrosis, cellular infiltration, increased nodularity
--Progressively atrophies
--Decreased activity
-> resulting in a lower basal metabolic rate
-> Reduced radioactive iodine uptake
-> Less thyrotropin secretion & release
-Function can be further decreased due to diminished adrenal function
--TSH, T4 unchanged but significant reduction in T3
Pituitary gland
-Decreases in volume by approximately 20%.
-Somatotropic growth hormone remains in similar amounts; blood levels may reduce with age.
-Decreases in ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and luteotropic hormone vary from person to person.
-Gonadal secretion decreases = less testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
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