Samenvatting

Summary Criminology: A Contemporary Introduction

0 keer verkocht

Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

Boek
Criminology

Summary of the book 'Criminology: A Contemporary Introduction', second edition, used in the course 'Introduction into Criminology'.

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 4 van de 46 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Heel boek samengevat? Ja
Geupload op 28 oktober 2024
Aantal pagina's 46
Geschreven in 2024/2025
Type Samenvatting

tony murphy
criminology
minor
introduction into criminology
criminology a contemporary introduction

Chapter 1- Introducing the landscapes of criminology

Chapter 1.1 Introducing the text

Chapter 1.2 Structure of the text

Chapter 1.3 What is ‘criminology’?

Criminology: the study of crime, justice, and law and order issues, and the broader
dynamics of societies in terms of informing how those things exist and are experienced.

Chapter 1.4 Skills and competencies of a criminologist

Chapter 1.5 Key topics in criminology

Criminal justice systems: the process through which the state responds to behaviour that it
deems unacceptable. Criminal Justice is delivered through a series of stages: charge,
prosecution, trial , sentence, appeal, punishment, these processes and the agencies which
carry them out are referred to collectively as the criminal justice system.

Chapter 1.6 What is ‘crime’?

Crime: an intentional act which breaks or goes against a law of some sort.
The definition of crime is fluid, because of the laws that can be changed.

The decision to criminalise certain behaviour has to be influenced by something, there has to
be enough of a reason for the State to react to it. Some behaviours might be slowed down or
blocked by powerful actors with vested interests.

Many damaging behaviours are not criminalised, while some groups in society are
seemingly disadvantaged by the needless criminalisation of certain behaviours. There is
often a moral component to how we understand behaviours and whether they are viewed as
being problematic (e.g. criminalisation of homosexuality or abortion).

This can work in the other direction also, whereby certain behaviours were not previously
defined as illegal, but become criminalised as the public begin to see them as problematic or
immoral (e.g. rape within marriage or smoking in public buildings).

,Another way to think about offending, is to utilise a harm-based approach: the more harm
done, the greater the severity of the response required.

Chapter 1.7 Types of crime

Types of crime:
- Acquisitive crimes: acts that involve the acquisition or gain of property or damage
to property, money or anything else that is a tangible reward.
- Theft
- Robbery
- Burglary
- Fraud
- Expressive crimes: acts that do not, seemingly, involve the acquisition of goods, but
instead are linked to emotions and emotional release: anger, frustration etc., where
the act itself is the goal. They are often violent or sexual in nature.
- Property crimes: acts involving the acquisition of property or damage to property.
So, in addition to acts such as theft and robbery, this includes:
- Criminal damage
- Vandalism
- Crimes against the person: crimes that directly involve an act against an individual,
or group of people.
- Violent act
- Sexual act
- Sexual offences: acts covering all manner of unwanted or inappropriate sexual
behaviours against a person, or group, physical or otherwise.
- White-collar crime: acts committed by people usually in a work context, for their
own personal gain
- Theft
- Fraud
- Corporate crime: acts committed by or on behalf of a company that in some way
benefits company goals.
- Financial transactions
- Negligence
- Industrial espionage
- Not adhering to health and safety
- Environmental regulations

, - Crimes of the powerful: acts committed by those in positions of power, where they
abuse their position of power and act with some form of corruption and impunity,
- State crimes: acts committed, commissioned or advocated in some way by States to
achieve their goals.
- Peace crimes, including crimes against humanity: acts that are so abhorrent or
terrible that they go against humanity, and thus have their own label.
- Social harms: linked to the harms-based definition of crime. Acts that harm
communities or specific groups of people and are often not dealt with by formal laws.
- War crimes: acts committed during conflicts and wars, when State actors breach
domestic or usually international laws regarding warfare, and involve a disregard for
human rights.
- Status offences/crimes: acts that are prohibited usually only for certain groups or in
the context of certain conditions. Often, this is in the instance of young people having
their behaviours regulated.
- Hate crimes: acts committed where victims are targeted because of their personal
characteristics: age, gender, religion, ethnicity, culture, sexuality and so on.
- Cybercrime: acts committed using or facilitated by information and communication
technologies, typically the Internet.

Chapter 1.8 Summary and implications

, Chapter 2 - ‘Theory’ and its uses

Chapter 2.1 What is theory

Theory: an explanation, or a model, or framework for understanding particular events or
processes.
- Aetiological theories of crime: theories about how crime comes about, focussing
on the causes of crime.

Theories within criminology are developed and used extensively in relation to a range of
different issues and concerns, particularly in relation to offering understanding or
explanation. They also afford the opportunity for policy-making.

Chapter 2.2 The ‘problems’ with theory

Theories in criminology can be referred to as heuristic tools: there are mental shortcuts for
simplifications for making sense of something.

Chapter 2.3. Key examples of theories in criminology

Classicism and positivism are foundational schools of thought within criminology; they are
not only significant terms of the formation of criminology, but also the origin of many more
recent theories can be traced back to them in terms of how they approach issues of crime
and justice.
- Classicism: positions offending as a consequence of people choosing to commit
crime, based on them weighing-up situations and likely outcomes. Individuals are
viewed as rational actors who are self-interested/selfish in their actions.
- Positivism: people engage in offending because they are influenced by forces
outside their own control:
- Internal forces of biology or psychology
- External forces of social conditions and culture

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper mavisbeek. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,06. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Samenvatting

Summary Criminology: A Contemporary Introduction

Document informatie

Onderwerpen

Gekoppeld boek

Meer samenvattingen voor studieboek

Geschreven voor

Verkoper

Voorbeeld van de inhoud