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Summary Alle literatuur en hoorcollege-aantekeningen Neuropsychology And Psychiatric Disorders

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Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (RuG)

De samenvatting bevat alle benodigde artikelen en leesstof voor het vak Neuropsychology And Psychiatric Disorders (dit studiejaar '24-'25). Daarnaast bevat het document ook alle hoorcollege aantekeningen: schizophrenia, mood disorders, ADHD, Tourette syndrome, ASS en identity & severe mental illne...

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Type Samenvatting

schizophrenia
neuropsychologie
cognitive domains
mood disorders
ass
adhd
tourette syndrome
neuropsychological intervention
neuropsychological and psychiatric disorders
neuropsychological psychiatric

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jhboerde Lid sinds 2 jaar 10 documenten verkocht

Week 1 Introduction (No literature)
Lecture notes
Lecture 1 - Introduction - 11 September
Exam
 7-10 Open questions
 Answer in Dutch/English
Historical perspective
 Before 1800
 No medication, doctors involved
 1790 - French revolution
 Human rights more taken in account
 Moral treatment
 Contact with psychiatric disorders → psychotherapy
 1860 researching psychiatry (linking brain to behavior)
 Malfunctioning brain to brain disturbance
 1890 - Classification of Kraeplin
 First close to describe as DSM
 First calling Schizophrenia
 1880 - hypnosis
 Catharsis: relieve yourself from your problems
 1890 - Freud Psycho-analysis
 1900 - Biological psychiatry
 ECT: persistent depression guidelines method.
 Lobotomy: pierce with sharp thing in frontal lobe
 Malfunction in this area, you will be quit relaxed (no higher
functions)
 Relieve complaints of people with mental disorders
 1940 - Psychopharmaceutic
 Chlorpromazine - antipsychotic drugs = proof for brain dysfunction
 Nowadays: psychosis medication for lifelong >2 psychoses. More
balancing the advantages and disadvantages if psychosis is stable
for 3 months or longer.
 1950 - Introduction DSM

,  Classify people, to find labels what fits the person best. Not
helping why people are in a specific situation and why are difficulties
in functioning?
 Specific wishes of person, symptoms and social functioning is
needed for treatment!
 1960 - Neuropsychology in psychiatry
 Schizophrenia
 Severe cognitive impairments in psychotic disorder and
comparable with neurological disorders (TBI).
 First attempt of cognitive training in people with
schizophrenia.
 Difficulties with allocated effort to specific tasks →cause to
much energy of keep level up to pay attention
Modern Psychiatry
 Brain and environment interaction (earlier nature vs nurture)
 Mental disorders never exist on a vacuum. Always personal history
and social context
 Criticism if you don’t fit in a box, you get a label with a disorder. A
lot of expectations for people on how to live. More awareness of
interaction with individuals and the context. Less try to change the
individual
 Recovery beyond symptomatic remission - treatment
 Try to avoid internal voices, relieve delusional thoughts. =
symptomatic recovery (doctors) → Change over the years:
 Functional recovery = able to function in society (job,
study), participating again in their roles → role of
neuropsychologists increasing as clinician
 Cognitive remediation
 You can reach functional recovery without symptomatic
recovery.
 Personal recovery = living a life with our own purposeful
lives, values and spirituality. Strive for the person you want to
be
 NIMH RDoC:
 Biological disorders: dimensions and focus on domains/units
of analysis
 Transdiagnostic framework: how to think about
disorders. Less using labels
Definitions

,  Psychiatry = medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment
of mental illness
 Neurology = medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment
of disorders of nervous system (brain, spinal cord and nerves)
 Neuropsychology: psychological specialty concerned with relationship
between behavior emotion cognition on the one hand and brain function
on the other
Traditional neuropsychology: Link brain regions/lesions to specific behavior.
Knowledge on the role of brain areas in mental processes → moved away from
specific brain part in these days
Neuropsychology as profession
 Generating hypothesis on underlying mechanisms of symptoms
 Understanding why person is acting ina specific way and which
cognitive functions involves
 Understand role of cognitive processes in the etiology (onset) and
presentation of psychiatric disorders
 Before onset of psychotic episode, increase in impairment in social
cognition and unable to read mind of other people = Theory of
Mind→ you can become untrust people and reject your own ideas
on others. What you think will happen and explain the onset of
paranoid
 Understand clinical behavioral and phenomenological correlates of
neuropsychological impairment
 Doing individual neuropsychological assessments (profile of strengths and
weaknesses)
How psychiatrists seen neuropsychology
 Underutilized resource → make yourself visible
 Establishing deterioration in cognitive functioning
 Making differential diagnosis → hard for NP because severe impairment can
come along with a lot of NP disorders. No specific profiles for disorders
 Facilitating improved outcomes
Problems/questions in psychiatry
 Not only based on neuropsychological assessment making a DSM 5 label
(or differential diagnosis)
 More information needed about social context, substance use,
family, education, how problem arises
 Making predictions if someone is able to go back to previous level of
functioning in social, work
 Difficult to make predictions based on the NP tests

,  Cognitive limitation should be taken into account in treatment of this
person
 Extra break through when someone has severe memory problems.
Make more summaries, write things down
 Evaluate effect of pharmacological interventions on cognitive functioning
 Repeat assessment and stop treatment
 In parallel version (learning effect)
Interpretation errors
 NP tests measure specific functions, poor performance on a single test.
Lower score
 Deficit on specific test
 Or poor attention during test
 Abnormal test scores is not related to a specific bain dysfunction
 Hypoactivity (less) during functional imaging with cognitive activation task
suggests regional brain dysfunction
 Schizophrenia: making MRI scan and do Tower of London test →
hypoactivation in frontal lobe compared to normal population
 Did not understand task, not allocating → a lot is possible
Interpretation eros in neuropsychiatry
 Directly link brain areas and disorders/personality/sexual orientation: neo-
phrenology = misinterpretation
 Making a psychiatric diagnosis based on neuroimaging studies = not
possible
 Reductionism: psychological conditions are brain disorders associated with
a state of chemical imbalance
 Feeling depressed: me of my brain? Insufficiency dopamine level in
brain, but there are more neurotransmitters and brain regions
involved
 Assuming an association between functional impairments and NP
impairment is disorder-specific
 Social cognition leads to poor social functioning in schizophrenia is
NOT the case. Links between cognitive domains are transdiagnostic
and does not have anything to do with the label a person has
 Assuming NP dysfunctions causes such functional impairments
 Not knowing the direction based on test scores
Therapy/treatment

,  Cognitive remediation = brain training by using it over it = drill and
practice. Use it or lose it. People gets better on specific task/exercise → no
generalization
 Helping people to think of strategies. To wipe out cognitive
impairments. Can you visuale the things you have to remember?
 In neurological setting, not in psychiatry setting. Effect Size as big as
CBT, but specified to a specific domain.
 Optional treatment for psychosis
 NP test data used to develop treatment strategies tailored for an
individual's specific cognitive strengths and deficits

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