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Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER - skeletal muscle the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER - ske...

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  • 29 oktober 2024
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Onderwerpen

  • vagotom
  • advanced pathology nr 507 final exam questions
  • good and bad key players in peptic ulcer disease
  • nsaids effect on gastric system
  • zollinger ellison syndrome
  • complications of peptic ulcer disease

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  • NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
  • NR 507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

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Advanced Pathology NR 507
Final Exam || With 100%
Accurate Solutions




CONCEPTIAL RESEARCH |

, Advanced Pathology NR 507 Final
Exam || With 100% Accurate Solutions
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - ANSWER - skeletal
muscle

the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - ANSWER - skeletal
and smooth muscle

the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - ANSWER - smooth
muscle

simple obstruction of the GI tract - ANSWER - result from the blockage of the
intestine.

Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion
of inorganic objects that become lodged within the intestine.

intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common
in children less than 2 years of age,

surgical adhesions are more common in adults.

Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the
toddler years.

Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a
paralytic ileus

peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - ulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining
of the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the
esophagus (esophageal ulcer)

form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining

Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.

the role of the stomach - ANSWER - to liquify food by churning it and using enzymes
and acid to assist in the breakdown

pylorus - ANSWER - a muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
duodenum

can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers

,the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - ANSWER - secrets mucosa rich in
bicarbonate - it protects the lining of the stomach from acid

has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells

parietal cells - ANSWER - secrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor

chief cells - ANSWER - secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the
action of hydrochloric acid

G-cells - ANSWER - releases gastrin

submucosa - ANSWER - on top of mucosa

contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels

Muscularis Externa - ANSWER - on top of the submucosa

three smooth muscle layers: aid in peristalysis

serosa - ANSWER - on top of muscularis externa

outer layer of connective tissue that connects to organs

Good and Bad key players in peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - Good: "defense
system"
bicarb = coats and protects cells
prostaglandins = regulates perfusion to stomach and mucus to release bicarb,
controls acid amount secreted by parietal cells

Bad: "toxic system"
ulcer (H. Pylori, NSAIDs, etc) = acid penetrates mucosa = histamine released =
parietal cells release even more HCL acid = more stomach irritation

HCL acid via parietal cells + Pepsinogen via chief cells = pepsin

Heliobacter pylori - ANSWER - spiral shaped bacteria that is the cause of most
gastric ulcers

produces urease which breaks down urea = ammonia & carbon dioxide = neutralizes
acid and breaks down mucosa

spreads through oral/oral or oral/fecal

Angle of His - ANSWER - Creates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes
gastro esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - ANSWER - A digestive disease in which
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.

, Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at
the gastro esophageal junction

big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the
muscles around the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve

Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia,
gastroparesis, and obesity

heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms

chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for
classic GERD

Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea

H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD

Barrett's esophagus - ANSWER - caused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's
esophagus

diaphram - ANSWER - a muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity

also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter

NSAIDs effect on gastric system - ANSWER - decreases production of
prostaglandins = impacts the health of the stomach

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - ANSWER - Gastrin-secreting tumor associated with
ulcers = increased stomach acid

signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - Indigestion & epigastric
pain (burning, gnawing or dull)

Gastric = eating food makes it worse (1-2hrs after), pain = dull & aching, weightloss,
sever: vomit = coffee grounds or frank red blood

Duodenal = eating food makes it better (3-4 hours after), wake in the middle of night
with pain, gnawing pain, severe: tarry dark stool

diagnosing peptic ulcer disease - ANSWER - scope of the stomach
upper GI series: drink barium to coat upper GI tract
CT scan of abdomen with contrast

H. Pylori = blood test, stool test, Urea breath test

Urea breath test - ANSWER - Patient ingests Urea with radio labeled Carbon
Measures exhaled radio labeled Carbon

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