UGBA 105 Midterm 1 (Questions and answers) LATEST UPDATE
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UGBA 105
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UGBA 105
extrinsic motivation - ️️a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards
(pay, praise, status) or avoid threatened punishment (demotion, public humiliation,
being fired)
OB Mod (Organizational Behavior Modification) & its 5 steps - ️️A systematic
application of reinforcement ...
UGBA 105 Midterm 1
extrinsic motivation - ✔️✔️a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards
(pay, praise, status) or avoid threatened punishment (demotion, public humiliation,
being fired)
OB Mod (Organizational Behavior Modification) & its 5 steps - ✔️✔️A systematic
application of reinforcement theory to modify employee behaviors in the workplace.
1. Identify behavior to be learned
2. Measure frequency of behavior
3. Motivational analysis: Identify consequences of behavior
4. Develop & implement Plan
5. Re-measure frequency of behavior
Definition of Theory - ✔️✔️A framework, model, or map of something that explains how
something in the world works.
How do theories work? - ✔️✔️It ignores all other factors and focuses on one thing. It is
inherently inaccurate but is helpful for our specific purpose. Ex: the map of the world is
not accurately proportioned but it helps us easily visualize where different countries are.
Ignores terrain, population, certain small islands, etc.
What is the nature of learning? - ✔️✔️A relative permanent change of behaviors as a
result of practice or experience.
Operant conditioning - ✔️✔️a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer (positive or negative reinforcement) or diminished if followed by
a punisher (extinction or punishment)
ABCs of changing behaviors - ✔️✔️Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
Ex: Dwight & Jim.
Antecedent - Computer startup sound
Behavior - Jim gives Dwight an almond (positive)
Consequence - every time Jim starts his computer Dwight reaches out to expect food
Reinforcement (positive and negative) - ✔️✔️used to promote and strengthen behavior
in operant conditioning
Positive: administers positive consequence when employee performs behavior
EX: In Mary Kay, you get an award for achieving high sales
, Negative: removes a negative consequence if an employee performs behavior
EX: Reduce oversight from a manager if employee achieves certain level of autonomy
and trust
4 reinforcement schedules - ✔️✔️1. fixed ratio
2. variable ratio
3. fixed interval
4. variable interval
Punishment - ✔️✔️administering a negative consequence when an undesired behavior
occurs
EX: spanking
Extinction (operant conditioning) - ✔️✔️removing the source of reinforcement for an
undesired behavior
EX: Rainbarrel Case - removal of impossibly high quotas so people stop cutting corners
and saying an order was "shipped" when all they did was move the box across the line
that indicated their property
Shaping - ✔️✔️-an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior
toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
-often used for complex tasks
vicarious learning - ✔️✔️learning the consequences of an action by watching others
being rewarded or punished for performing the action
self-efficacy - ✔️✔️An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
A person with high self-efficacy will set goals, expend effort, persist, and perform at a
high quality
Expectancy Theory - ✔️✔️A theory about work motivation that focuses on how
employees make choices among alternative behaviors and levels of effort
Motivation = valence x instrumentality x expectancy
-valence = how desirable an outcome is to an employee
-instrumentality = an employee's perception about the extent to which a certain level of
performance will lead to the attainment of a particular outcome
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